The research, published in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, set out to test an idea that has rarely been examined directly: that the posture we adopt while exploring an environment shapes the quality and structure of the spatial memories we form there. The motivation extends well beyond curiosity about posture. Wheelchair users experience the world predominantly from a sitting vantage point, and the authors hypothesized that this seated modality might contribute to poorer spatial representation, with downstream consequences for independence, confidence and quality of life.

To isolate the effect of posture from the confounding influence of balance, the team used a novel standing mobility device originally developed at the university. The device allows users to switch between a sitting and a standing modality, and it secures the legs at the level of the knees, provides a safety belt and offers armrests. In both modalities, participants were effectively stabilized, meaning that any difference in cognitive performance could not be attributed to the effort of maintaining balance. This was a crucial design decision, because previous studies comparing sitting and standing have produced notoriously mixed results, and recent work suggests that individual differences in balance ability, often proxied by physical fitness, may explain much of the inconsistency. When standing participants wobble, cognitive resources are diverted toward postural control, muddying any comparison with a seated group.

The experiment involved forty healthy young adults, twenty men and twenty women, recruited at the University of Tsukuba, with normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no conditions affecting sitting or standing. Based on their arrival at the laboratory, they were assigned to one of two groups: one that used the mobility device in the sitting modality, and one that used it in the standing modality. Cushions were used so that seated participants viewed the scene from an eye height of roughly 150 centimeters, while the device was adjusted so that standing participants’ eyes were at around 180 centimeters. The two groups did not differ significantly in age or height.

The learning environment was a vast, empty indoor hall measuring thirty by twenty meters, chosen precisely because it offered no furniture or landmarks that could aid memory. Within it, the researchers arranged seven real objects, including items such as a book, a teapot and a football, on white polystyrene pedestals standing 1.10 meters tall. The objects formed a layout with a row-and-column, chessboard-like structure. A movable curtain hid the scene while participants took their place on the device, and after the curtain was folded away, participants had thirty seconds to encode the positions of the objects. To confirm that everyone had genuinely learned the arrangement, they then pointed to each object on command, repeating this verification until all positions were correctly indicated across two consecutive runs. In most cases only two runs were needed.

The real test came afterward, in an adjacent room, using a classic paradigm known as the Judgment of Relative Direction task. Participants heard instructions such as: imagine you are near the cap, and you are looking at the book; now point to the bottle. They responded by aiming a joystick, with a computer recording both pointing accuracy in degrees and reaction times. Critically, half of the forty-eight trials used imaginary perspectives aligned with the participants’ own egocentric views of the scene or parallel and perpendicular to them, while the other half used allocentric perspectives aligned with the intrinsic, chessboard structure of the object layout itself. This distinction is the conceptual heart of the study. Egocentric representation stores spatial information relative to the viewer’s body, whereas allocentric representation stores the relations among objects independent of any viewpoint, the format most akin to a mental map.

The results were unambiguous. On pointing accuracy, standing participants made average errors of about 26.6 degrees, compared with roughly 50.4 degrees for the sitting group, a difference that was highly significant. The effect of perspective was also significant, with egocentric trials producing larger errors than allocentric ones overall. But the most telling finding emerged from the interaction between the two factors. For the sitting group, there was essentially no difference in accuracy between egocentric and allocentric trials, suggesting a comparatively shallow, undifferentiated representation. For the standing group, however, allocentric trials yielded markedly smaller errors than egocentric trials, indicating that standing specifically fostered the map-like, object-to-object format of spatial memory. The standing group also beat the sitting group on egocentric trials, so the advantage was not confined to one format.

Reaction times added an unexpected but informative twist. Standing participants were actually slower to respond than sitting participants, averaging about 2.93 seconds versus 2.12 seconds, and egocentric perspectives took longer than allocentric ones. This pattern argues against two popular alternative explanations. If standing had simply boosted attention or arousal, one would expect uniformly faster and better performance across all trial types, which did not occur. Instead, the authors favor a perceptual mechanism: the higher viewpoint afforded by standing delivers more visual information about how objects relate to one another, and processing that richer input takes additional time, just as previous work from the same laboratory found that adding stereoscopic depth information slowed object recognition. In short, standing participants saw more, encoded more, and consequently needed a moment longer to retrieve it.

The authors acknowledge that their study was exploratory and that a confirmatory follow-up is needed, ideally one that equates eye height between sitting and standing conditions to verify that viewpoint elevation, rather than posture per se, drives the effect. They also note that under an alternative way of defining egocentric and allocentric perspectives, standing improved not only allocentric performance but also the pure egocentric perspective aligned with the participant’s own viewing angle, reinforcing the overall advantage of the upright modality. Future work should extend the paradigm to dynamic situations, testing spatial updating, in which participants move to a new location and must revise their memory of the scene accordingly, since real navigation rarely occurs from a fixed viewpoint.

The practical implications may prove the most consequential part of the story. If a higher, upright viewpoint genuinely enriches the spatial information available to the brain’s spatial processing networks, then mobility devices that allow wheelchair users to stand, even intermittently and with postural support, could do more than improve social interaction and physical health. They could strengthen the very cognitive machinery used to learn buildings, streets and cities, fostering greater self-confidence and autonomy in spatial tasks. As assistive robotics and wearable exoskeletons advance, this study offers a reminder that the goal of such technology is not only to move the body but to feed the brain the viewpoint it evolved to expect.

Subject of Research: The effect of standing versus sitting posture on spatial memory and egocentric versus allocentric spatial representation

Article Title: Standing in unperturbed balance improves spatial memory and facilitates allocentric representation

Article References: Pasqualotto, A., Aoki, J., Suzuki, K., & Kadone, H. (2026). Standing in unperturbed balance improves spatial memory and facilitates allocentric representation. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 20, Article 1895560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1895560

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1895560

Keywords: spatial memory, allocentric representation, egocentric representation, standing mobility device, posture and cognition, wheelchair users, viewpoint height, Judgment of Relative Direction, spatial representation, embodied cognition, University of Tsukuba, balance