The study, led by Mohamad Syamilah together with Mohd Noor Norhayati and Mohd Yusoff Siti Suhaila from the Department of Family Medicine at the School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, set out with two linked goals: to identify the factors associated with good contraceptive knowledge, and to determine whether there is an association between the interpregnancy interval — the elapsed time between one birth and the conception of the next pregnancy — and how much women know about contraception. The interpregnancy interval is a deceptively simple measurement with profound consequences. Globally, short intervals occur in an estimated 20 to 65 percent of women, and they are known to significantly affect both maternal and child health, straining the mother’s body before it has fully recovered and altering the resources available to the developing fetus.

To capture this relationship, the team conducted a cross-sectional study among women of childbearing age, from 18 to 50 years old, in the antenatal and postnatal wards of Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia. Women experiencing their first pregnancy — primigravida mothers — were excluded, a methodologically important decision, because a first pregnancy by definition has no preceding interval to measure. Data were collected over three months through face-to-face interviews, a design that allows trained interviewers to clarify questions and capture responses directly rather than relying on self-administered questionnaires, which can introduce misinterpretation. The response rate was a remarkable 100 percent, with 217 women participating in total, lending the findings a completeness that survey research rarely achieves.

At the heart of the study’s measurement strategy was a validated instrument: the Malay version of the Knowledge on Method of Contraception questionnaire, abbreviated M-KMC. This tool comprises 25 items spread across four categories covering knowledge of contraceptive methods, and it demonstrated good internal consistency in this population, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.71 — a statistical indicator that the items reliably measure the same underlying construct. Using a culturally and linguistically validated tool matters enormously in reproductive health research, where subtle differences in wording can determine whether a respondent truly understands a question about, say, the timing requirements of hormonal methods or the protective mechanics of an intrauterine device. The researchers analyzed their data with descriptive statistics and logistic regression using SPSS version 28.0, allowing them to adjust for confounding variables and isolate the independent effects of each factor.

The headline numbers are striking. The prevalence of short interpregnancy interval among the participants was 26.3 percent — meaning roughly one in four women had conceived again within a window considered too brief for optimal recovery. At the same time, 77 percent of the women demonstrated good contraceptive knowledge. That juxtaposition is the study’s central tension: three-quarters of the sample knew about contraception, yet more than a quarter still experienced short gaps between pregnancies. Knowledge, in other words, was abundant; the translation of knowledge into behavior was not automatic.

The logistic regression analysis sharpened this picture considerably. Two factors emerged as significantly associated with good contraceptive knowledge. First, modern contraceptive use was strongly linked to knowledge, with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.86 and a 95 percent confidence interval of 1.78 to 13.22 — meaning that women who used modern methods had nearly five times the odds of possessing good knowledge compared with those who did not, after adjusting for other variables. Second, the duration of contraceptive use showed a significant but inverse and subtle association, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.97 per unit increase (95 percent CI: 0.95 to 1.00). The confidence interval for this second finding just barely excludes the null value of 1.00, indicating a real but modest effect — each additional increment of contraceptive use duration was associated with slightly lower odds of good knowledge, a counterintuitive result that may reflect differences between long-term users and recent adopters, or the ways in which sustained use changes the relationship between a woman and her contraceptive information.

Perhaps the most consequential finding, however, is what the researchers did not find. After accounting for other variables, no significant association emerged between interpregnancy interval and contraceptive knowledge. This null result challenges a widespread assumption embedded in many family planning programs: that educating women about contraception will, by itself, lengthen the intervals between their pregnancies. The data from this Malaysian tertiary hospital suggest that the pathway from knowing to spacing runs through something else — access to and sustained use of modern contraceptive methods. A woman may score well on a 25-item questionnaire and still face barriers of availability, cost, partner attitudes, side effect concerns, or health system friction that prevent her from acting on what she knows.

The authors’ conclusion follows directly from this evidence. They emphasize that continued strengthening of structured contraceptive counseling, access to services, and postpartum education is vital to optimize birth spacing and reduce short interpregnancy intervals. The word structured deserves attention. Casual, one-off conversations about contraception appear insufficient; what the findings imply is a systematic approach in which counseling is delivered at defined points in the maternity care pathway — particularly in the postpartum period, when the next conception can occur before menstruation even returns — and in which women are connected to actual methods rather than merely informed about them. Postpartum education is singled out because the postpartum window is precisely when decisions about the next pregnancy are made, often implicitly, and when the risk of a short interval begins.

The study also situates itself within broader global commitments, referencing the Sustainable Development Goals in its abbreviations and framing adequate knowledge as a means for women to make informed decisions about family size, birth spacing, appropriate contraceptive use, and maternal health outcomes. The research was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia on 7 January 2024, conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants provided written informed consent. The authors declare no competing interests and received no external funding for the work.

For clinicians and policymakers, the message is both sobering and actionable. Knowledge campaigns remain valuable — the strong association between modern contraceptive use and good knowledge suggests that informed women are far more likely to adopt effective methods — but knowledge is a gateway, not a destination. The 26.3 percent prevalence of short interpregnancy intervals in a well-informed hospital population is a reminder that behavioral change requires enabling infrastructure: reliable supply chains for contraceptives, trained counselors, culturally attuned education, and follow-up that sustains use over time. As the study’s authors argue, it is the combination of counseling, access, and postpartum education — not knowledge alone — that will ultimately give women the power to space their pregnancies in ways that protect their own health and that of their children. The full open-access article is available in BMC Public Health under DOI 10.1186/s12889-026-29928-z.

Subject of Research: Contraceptive knowledge and its relationship to interpregnancy interval among women attending a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia

Article Title: Contraceptive knowledge and interpregnancy interval among women attending a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia

Article References: Contraceptive knowledge and interpregnancy interval among women attending a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29928-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12889-026-29928-z

Keywords: contraception, family planning, interpregnancy interval, birth spacing, women's health, Malaysia, cross-sectional study, maternal health, postpartum education, modern contraceptive use, BMC Public Health, reproductive health