The authors reviewed rhBNP through the lens of its multi-target pharmacology and searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science for records published from database inception through July 2026. Their search combined terms for recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide, rhBNP and nesiritide with terms for acute heart failure, acute myocardial infarction and acute cardiovascular diseases. Included studies investigated pharmacological mechanisms, clinical efficacy, hemodynamic effects, safety or optimization strategies.

RhBNP is a recombinant analogue of a hormone produced by ventricular muscle cells and is designed to reproduce the amino acid sequence, spatial structure and biological activity of endogenous BNP. It binds to natriuretic peptide receptor A, also called guanylate cyclase A, and activates the cyclic guanosine monophosphate–protein kinase G pathway. Human studies provide the clearest support for vasodilation, diuresis, sodium excretion and suppression of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and sympathetic systems, whereas claims of direct anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic actions come mainly from cells and animals.

Its acute hemodynamic effects are among the most clearly documented. In a randomized trial involving 42 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, a 24-hour intravenous rhBNP infusion was compared with nitroglycerin. Thirty hours of monitoring found that pulmonary capillary wedge pressure fell by 48.9% from baseline and cardiac index rose by 27.1% after rhBNP, with both changes reported as statistically significant.

The effects appeared within 30 minutes and persisted for as long as six hours after discontinuation. Because the trial was small and the measured outcomes were physiological rather than survival or quality-of-life endpoints, the result demonstrates acute hemodynamic improvement rather than proven long-term benefit. The review treats these distinctions as central to interpreting the wider evidence: changes in pressure, cardiac index, biomarkers and urine output are informative physiological observations, but they cannot by themselves establish improved survival, fewer admissions, preserved kidney function or enhanced quality of life.

A mathematical model based on observational data from patients with acute decompensated heart failure suggests that the drug lowers resistance to venous return and mean systemic filling pressure while maintaining cardiac output, rather than simply reducing the pressure gradient that drives venous return. This modeling result was based on calculated physiological values rather than direct prospective measurements. A catheterization study involving 10 patients, five with and five without coronary artery disease, also reported a 15% increase in epicardial coronary diameter, a 35% increase in coronary blood flow and an 8% decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption 30 minutes after infusion.

These observations suggest that rhBNP may improve the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand without raising heart rate, but the very small sample cannot establish a patient-centered clinical advantage. The review also notes that the choice between rhBNP and a positive inotrope depends on blood pressure, tissue perfusion and the presence or absence of cardiogenic shock. Evidence for myocardial protection after infarction comes from a randomized study of 106 patients with acute anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Patients received post-ischemic conditioning with or without rhBNP, administered as a 1.5 microgram per kilogram bolus before intervention followed by 0.0075 microgram per kilogram per minute for 72 hours. The rhBNP group had a 27% smaller area under the cardiac-enzyme curve for CK-MB and an 18% smaller curve for troponin I than the conditioning-only group. Corrected TIMI frame counts also favored rhBNP, at 21.0 versus 28.2, indicating better coronary microcirculatory function, while the trial found no significant difference in TIMI grade 3 flow or myocardial blush grade.

A separate study reported a better wall-motion score index one week after surgery with rhBNP, at 1.74 versus 2.40. Because enzyme curves and early wall-motion measurements are indirect markers, however, these findings do not establish that rhBNP prevents long-term ventricular remodeling, preserves function or improves survival. The kidneys present a similar mixture of encouraging short-term signals and unresolved clinical questions.

In an intravascular Doppler and quantitative angiography study, renal artery diameter increased by 8% about 15 minutes after rhBNP administration, although total renal blood flow did not change significantly. The authors interpreted this as possible redistribution of blood within the kidney and reduced renal vascular resistance. Other studies reported greater urine output over 72 hours and lower cystatin C concentrations at 24 and 72 hours, without significant differences in serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Such observations are consistent with improved renal perfusion and reduced venous congestion, but they do not show that rhBNP prevents acute renal failure, dialysis or long-term renal deterioration. The review reports that baseline blood urea nitrogen and BNP, age and pre-existing renal function were more informative predictors of acute renal failure than rhBNP exposure itself, while it found no definite renal toxicity signal attributable to the drug. Potential protection against contrast-associated kidney injury has been reported in patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure, a group in which renal perfusion is often impaired and contrast exposure adds risk.

One study found contrast-induced nephropathy in 13.5% of rhBNP recipients versus 24.0% of controls, while another found rates of 12.28% and 28.81%, respectively. Multivariable analysis in the latter study identified rhBNP as an independent protective factor, with an odds ratio of 0.202. These findings are encouraging, but they do not resolve the mixed evidence for renal protection.

The review reports that the established randomized trials ASCEND-HF and ROSE-AHF produced neutral findings for major outcomes, including 30-day all-cause mortality, rehospitalization and renal protection. It consequently frames individualized use and further prospective testing as a more realistic path than assuming that every short-term physiological improvement will translate into durable clinical benefit. Laboratory findings add biological plausibility but not confirmed human clinical effects.

In animal and cell models, rhBNP has been linked to inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore through mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels and the reperfusion injury salvage kinase pathway. Experimental systems also suggest suppression of NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory signaling through cGMP–PKG, and activation of the PI3K–AKT–NRF2–HO-1 antioxidant pathway. These mechanisms could explain reduced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, but direct confirmation of the same signaling sequences in human myocardium after treatment is lacking.

Small clinical studies have reported lower inflammatory markers, malondialdehyde and higher glutathione peroxidase with rhBNP, although many used combination therapy, making the independent contribution of the peptide difficult to isolate. Most mechanistic studies also involve non-cardiac inflammation models, isolated cells or animal injury, so the review cautions against treating biomarker changes as proven human cardiovascular effects. The review says that individualized dosing may be more defensible than routine high-dose treatment.

Higher regimens have not consistently produced greater clinical benefit and may increase dose-dependent hypotension. The loading dose may be omitted in hemodynamically sensitive patients, and the review proposes a lower starting rate, such as 0.005 microgram per kilogram per minute, in renal dysfunction because clearance may be slower. Older adults may also warrant low-dose initiation and longer titration intervals.

Pediatric evidence remains limited to a prospective pilot study of 32 children, and pregnancy safety data are insufficient. After cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, retrospective data from 357 patients showed faster troponin clearance and reduced creatinine elevation, but no improvement in overall prognosis, intensive-care stay or in-hospital mortality. Combination treatments have produced encouraging but largely short-term or retrospective results.

Adding dobutamine or dopamine to rhBNP improved left ventricular ejection fraction and reduced NT-proBNP in a 213-patient cohort of older patients with low blood pressure, without measured differences in severe hypotension or fatal arrhythmias; mortality and rehospitalization were not evaluated. Retrospective data suggest possible benefits when rhBNP is combined or sequenced with sacubitril/valsartan, while a prospective 126-patient study reported better ejection fraction, microcirculation and neuroendocrine measures with rhBNP plus ivabradine than ivabradine alone. These findings do not justify routine combination use.

The review emphasizes that inotropes may be appropriate when symptomatic hypotension or tissue hypoperfusion requires restoration of perfusion, but not as standard additions for normotensive or hypertensive patients. Ultimately, the clearest research priority is larger, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled testing against survival, rehospitalization, kidney outcomes and quality of life rather than relying on short-term physiological improvements alone.

Subject of Research: Clinical evidence and mechanisms of recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide in acute heart failure and myocardial infarction

Article Title: Multi-target effects and clinical optimization treatment strategies of recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide in acute heart failure and myocardial infarction

Article References: Zhou, Y., Hou, Q., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., Dou, Z., & Li, B. (2026). Multi-target effects and clinical optimization treatment strategies of recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide in acute heart failure and myocardial infarction. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 17, Article 1948386. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1948386

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1948386

Keywords: recombinant human BNP, acute heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, hemodynamics, myocardial protection, renal function, natriuretic peptide receptor A, dose optimization, randomized trials, cardiovascular medicine, Multi-target, effects