Microbial fuel cells have emerged as a promising solution to tackle two pressing challenges: energy production and wastewater management. At the heart of this technology lies the ability of specific microorganisms to break down organic matter in wastewater. During this process, electrons are released, and these very electrons can be captured to generate electricity. Thus, MFCs present a dual function – serving as both energy-generating technologies and effective wastewater treatment systems.

One of the central themes explored in the article is the importance of innovative materials in optimizing the performance of MFCs. Researchers have been actively investigating the properties of various electrode materials, seeking to enhance their conductivity and surface area, which are critical factors in maximizing electron transfer efficiency. On the horizon are advanced materials, such as nanostructured carbon composites and conductive polymers, which promise to significantly improve the performance and efficiency of MFCs, thus paving the way for widespread applications.

The design strategies employed in MFCs are also evolving. Traditional designs have significant limitations in terms of scalability and efficiency when applied to real-world wastewater treatment scenarios. To overcome these obstacles, researchers are adopting modular designs that can be tailored to different scales of wastewater treatment facilities. This adaptability not only enhances the feasibility of deploying MFCs in various settings but also promises to enhance their performance metrics considerably.

Optimization of operational parameters is crucial for the realization of efficient microbial fuel cells. Factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate concentration directly influence the metabolic functions of microorganisms involved in the electrochemical reactions. By fine-tuning these conditions, researchers have demonstrated significant improvements in power output and treatment efficiency. Such meticulous control over operational parameters is a testament to the growing understanding of microbial electrochemistry.

Moreover, the article delves into the integration of MFCs with existing wastewater treatment systems. By leveraging the strengths of MFCs, facilities can reduce energy consumption and operational costs while achieving stricter regulatory compliance. The coupling of traditional methods, like activated sludge processes, with MFC technology illustrates the innovative approaches being developed to enhance overall system effectiveness.

The promise of MFCs extends beyond mere power generation. These systems are versatile enough to be adapted for a range of applications, from generating electricity in remote areas to powering small electronic devices. The research prioritizes not just electricity generation but also the potential for recovering valuable resources, like biopolymers and nutrients, from wastewater, thereby adding further economic value to the process.

Collaborative research efforts are also highlighted as a vital component of advancing MFC technology. Multidisciplinary teams spanning microbiology, materials science, and engineering are essential for pushing the boundaries of our current understanding and application of MFCs. This collaborative spirit is fostering innovations that are critical for real-world implementations, such as in urban environments with complex wastewater profiles.

Regulatory and environmental considerations play a pivotal role in the adoption of MFCs. The researchers emphasize the importance of aligning technological advances with regulatory frameworks that support sustainable practices. As MFC technologies continue to mature, ongoing engagement with policymakers will be crucial for driving large-scale adoption and ensuring that these technologies can meet the necessary environmental standards.

In the realm of public perception and awareness, the researchers recognize a significant challenge. There remains a knowledge gap regarding the benefits and applications of microbial fuel cells among the general public. Increasing awareness through outreach and education can facilitate the acceptance and integration of these technologies within broader environmental strategies.

Looking forward, the article posits that the future of microbial fuel cells could lie in their integration with renewable energy sources. By combining MFCs with solar or wind energy systems, it may be possible to create synergistic systems that enhance overall energy output while maintaining wastewater treatment functions. This evolution in design and strategy could herald a new era of sustainable energy solutions.

Ultimately, the advances in microbial fuel cell technologies signal a transformative shift in how we approach both energy generation and wastewater management. With ongoing research and development efforts, coupled with community engagement, these innovations hold the promise of creating a more sustainable and cleaner world for generations to come.

As Wang and colleagues conclude, the future of microbial fuel cells is bright, with numerous opportunities for growth and improvement. Their work exemplifies the kind of holistic approach needed to address intertwined environmental and energy challenges, stimulating further investigation into this remarkable technology.

In summation, the article underscores the critical intersection of material advancement, design innovation, and practical application in optimizing microbial fuel cells as a viable solution for wastewater treatment. As global societies continue to grapple with pollution and energy scarcity, MFCs emerge as beacons of hope, illustrating what is possible when science, engineering, and ecology unite for the greater good.

Subject of Research: Optimization of microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment.

Article Title: Optimizing microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment: material advances, design strategies, and application frontiers.

Article References: Wang, S., Fan, Z., Guan, Y. et al. Optimizing microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment: material advances, design strategies, and application frontiers. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-37284-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-37284-5

Keywords: Microbial fuel cells, wastewater treatment, renewable energy, electrode materials, operational optimization, sustainable technology, environmental management, interdisciplinary research.

The anaerobic digestion process stands at the forefront of waste-to-energy technologies. In this method, microorganisms decompose organic material in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of biogas, primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide. The study captures the essence of how optimizing conditions and inputs can lead to enhanced biogas production, thereby highlighting the potential of Phragmites australis as an exemplary biomass feedstock. Traditionally seen as a weed in many ecosystems, Phragmites australis now emerges as a potential hero in the quest for renewable energy resources.

A crucial aspect of the study is the examination of the grinding process. Researchers found that the mechanical preprocessing of Phragmites australis could significantly enhance the surface area available for microbial attack. This increase in surface area accelerates the digestion process, resulting in a higher yield of biogas. By employing various grinding techniques, the study meticulously compares the efficiency of each method, drawing correlations between the degree of grinding and the extent of biogas production.

The harvesting season also plays an integral role in this intricate biochemical process. The study reveals that the nutritional composition and moisture content of Phragmites australis vary throughout the year, influencing its digestibility and biogas potential. By analyzing samples harvested in different seasons, the researchers discover optimal harvesting windows that maximize both biomass availability and biogas yield. Such insights underline the importance of timing in biomass utilization, emphasizing that careful management of harvesting practices can lead to substantial increases in energy recovery.

Co-digestion with food waste represents another focal point of the study, showcasing the synergistic effects that can arise when combining different organic materials. The research demonstrates that introducing food waste into the anaerobic digestion process alongside Phragmites australis creates a more balanced nutrient profile. This balance fosters a more conducive environment for microbial communities, ultimately leading to improved biogas production. Such findings advocate for an integrated approach to waste management that not only addresses food waste but also makes use of readily available biomass resources like common reed.

Sustainability remains a cornerstone of the research. In an era where the search for renewable energy sources is paramount, the utilization of biomass, particularly that of invasive species like Phragmites australis, promotes ecological management while simultaneously generating energy. Researchers emphasize that the dual benefits of ecological restoration and energy generation can be achieved through careful management of these invasive plant species, making this study particularly timely considering the environmental challenges we face.

The implications of this research extend beyond the laboratory. Policymakers and environmental advocates can draw upon these findings to bolster initiatives aimed at promoting renewable energy sources and managing organic waste. Communities can invest in local anaerobic digestion facilities that utilize Phragmites australis and food waste, enhancing energy self-sufficiency while addressing pressing waste management challenges. This aligns with global efforts to transition towards circular economies, where waste materials are seen as valuable resources rather than mere refuse.

As more municipalities recognize the potential of anaerobic digestion, they may find Phragmites australis to be an abundant, underutilized resource. Widespread adoption of such practices could herald a new era of sustainable energy production, where biomass from invasive species is harnessed to meet growing energy demands. The research highlights not only the feasibility but also the practicality of integrating agricultural practices with waste management and renewable energy production.

Furthermore, the study catalyzes further research opportunities. As we continue to grapple with environmental issues such as climate change and resource depletion, understanding the biochemistry of anaerobic digestion will be critical. Future studies can explore the genetic and biochemical pathways of the microbial communities responsible for the digestion process in different organic substrates. Uncovering these pathways could lead to the development of bioengineered microorganisms tailored for specific feedstocks, driving efficiencies in biogas production even further.

In conclusion, the work of Al-Iraqi and colleagues presents a compelling case for the utilization of Phragmites australis in biogas production, demonstrating how scientific inquiry can unlock the potential of common yet overlooked resources. As society pushes towards greener practices and sustainable energy solutions, this research stands as a beacon of hope, offering actionable insights for communities, industry stakeholders, and environmentalists alike.

The study not only enriches the scientific discourse surrounding renewable energy but also serves as a pivotal reminder that innovation can often emerge from the most unexpected sources. By championing the potential of Phragmites australis and advocating for integrated waste management solutions, we may be one step closer to a more sustainable future powered by renewable energy.

Subject of Research: Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Phragmites australis

Article Title: Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Phragmites australis: Influence of Grinding Process, Harvesting Season and Co-digestion with Food Waste.

Article References:

Al-Iraqi, A.R., Gandhi, B.P., Folkard, A.M. et al. Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Phragmites australis: Influence of Grinding Process, Harvesting Season and Co-digestion with Food Waste.
Waste Biomass Valor (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03293-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI:

Keywords: Biogas, Anaerobic Digestion, Phragmites australis, Co-digestion, Renewable Energy, Waste Management, Food Waste, Invasive Species.

The research focuses on the conversion of organic waste into valuable energy. The peculiar choice of rose petals for bioelectricity generation is founded on their abundant availability and high organic content, making them an ideal substrate for MFCs. By leveraging the natural properties of these petals, the researchers discovered that they could significantly enhance the microorganisms’ ability to generate electricity. The study illustrates a promising intersection of biochemistry and environmental science, where microbial activities are harnessed for practical energy applications.

The MFC technology utilizes bacteria to break down organic matter, producing electrons in the process, which can be harnessed as electric current. Previous studies have shown that various waste materials can be used as substrates in MFCs, yet the application of rose petals is relatively unexplored. This research positions rose petals as a valuable organic resource, suggesting that floral waste typically discarded can transform into a powerful energy-generating medium.

Experiments conducted by the team highlighted not just the efficiency of rose petals as a substrate but also the potential scalability of this method. By creating a system capable of processing large quantities of organic waste, the findings indicate that this approach can be integrated into existing waste management practices. The dual benefit of reducing waste while simultaneously producing bioelectricity presents an appealing option for municipalities looking to improve their sustainability profiles.

In measuring the bioelectricity generated during the experiments, the researchers optimized several parameters, including microbial strain selection, pH levels, and the addition of various nutrients. Such fine-tuning allowed them to achieve a remarkable output, demonstrating the potential for high power density and efficient energy conversion. The microbial communities thriving on the rose petal substrates exhibited enhanced metabolic activity, corresponding to increased bioelectricity production.

An important aspect of the research is its implications for the circular economy. With the beauty and fragrance industries generating substantial waste from floral by-products, this study represents a significant paradigm shift in how industries can interact with environmental sustainability concepts. By turning waste into energy, the study embodies the principles of resource recovery and sustainable utilization, urging other sectors to innovate in the same spirit.

Furthermore, the environmental benefits extend beyond just energy production. Utilizing waste materials for energy helps in reducing greenhouse gas emissions when compared to traditional waste disposal methods such as incineration or landfill. The microbial fuel cells using rose petals also result in lower emissions since they operate under anaerobic conditions, minimizing the release of methane – a potent greenhouse gas.

The research underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between fields such as microbiology, environmental engineering, and resource management. It highlights that future advancements in sustainable technologies will increasingly rely on such collaborations, marrying scientific understanding with practical applications. The study’s implications reach far beyond the laboratory, holding promise for piloting larger-scale systems that could be adopted globally.

Community engagement is another vital aspect that accompanies this research. The authors call for local businesses, especially those involved in the attar production, to consider participating in collaborative efforts aimed at energy recovery. By engaging local stakeholders and providing education on such sustainable practices, communities can collectively contribute to a cleaner environment while benefiting from the renewable energy generated from their waste products.

In conclusion, the pioneering research conducted by Sonu K. Yadav, Maheshwari K., and their team presents an intriguing advancement in the field of bioelectricity and waste management. The use of leftover rose petals from attar production establishes a unique solution that intertwines energy generation with sustainability. As society seeks innovative strategies to combat waste issues and enhance energy security, this study serves as a testament to the power of ingenuity and the potential of overlooked resources.

The significance of this research is not merely limited to its immediate findings. It opens up pathways for future investigations into the use of other floral by-products and organic waste materials for energy production. By expanding on this knowledge, scientists and engineers can cultivate a plethora of options that provide solutions to both energy and waste challenges.

An essential reflection of this research is the need for ongoing exploration within the renewable energy sector. With an ever-growing population and increasing demands for energy, investigations that focus on alternative substrates for bioelectricity production will become increasingly critical. The results from this study not only aim to inspire further research but also challenge existing frameworks regarding waste utilization and energy resources globally.

As we navigate through ecological crises and push for sustainable development, the integration of scientific research into practical applications must prevail. Studies such as this one remind us that by viewing waste as a resource rather than a burden, we can pave the way toward innovation that can fundamentally transform how we perceive and interact with our environment.

The implications of transitioning to bioelectric energy systems are profound—offering not just sustainable energy solutions but also drawing attention to the pressing need for waste management reformation on a global scale. As renewable energy technologies advance, embracing ecological paradigms will be an essential step for both scientific advancement and the health of our planet.

Transitioning to a circular economy paradigm appears increasingly more plausible as this research indicates. The practice of rethinking waste at its source leads not only to innovations that promote sustainability but ultimately to a significant reduction in human impact on ecosystems. Hence, the future of energy, as illustrated through the lens of microbial fuel cells and rose petals, serves as a beacon of hope towards environmental stewardship and a sustainable future for all.

Subject of Research: Enhanced Bioelectricity Generation from Microbial Fuel Cell Using Leftover Rose Petals after Attar Production as a Sustainable Substrate.

Article Title: Enhanced Bioelectricity Generation from Microbial Fuel Cell Using Leftover Rose Petals after Attar Production as a Sustainable Substrate.

Article References:

Sonu, K., Yadav, S., Maheshwari, K. et al. Enhanced Bioelectricity Generation from Microbial Fuel Cell Using Leftover Rose Petals after Attar Production as a Sustainable Substrate.
Waste Biomass Valor (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03258-4

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s12649-025-03258-4

Keywords: Microbial Fuel Cells, Bioelectricity, Rose Petals, Sustainable Energy, Waste Management.

Roadside verges are the strips of land that line roads and highways, usually covered in grass and other flora. Surprisingly, these areas are often rich in organic material, presenting a unique opportunity for biogas generation through anaerobic digestion. By transforming organic waste into biogas, which can be used as a renewable energy source, we can tackle two pressing challenges at once: waste management and energy production. This research takes on a significant role in expanding our understanding of how to integrate urban landscapes into sustainable practices.

The primary goal of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of biogas production from roadside grass, a potentially abundant yet underutilized feedstock. Utilizing anaerobic digestion, the research team aims to determine the yield of biogas produced from grass harvested from these verges. Anaerobic digestion is a process whereby microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, generating methane-rich biogas as a byproduct. This method has been used successfully in various agricultural applications and offers a promising path for urban waste management.

Additionally, the study digs deeper into the residual materials left after biogas extraction, known as digestates. Grass digestates contain valuable nutrients that can benefit urban ornamental plants. Assessing their potential as fertilizers, the researchers aim to determine the nutrient composition of these digestates and their effectiveness in promoting plant growth. This dual approach not only focuses on energy generation but also on converting waste into useful byproducts that can enhance urban horticulture.

The researchers meticulously conducted experiments to analyze several variables, including the biomass yield of roadside grass, the efficiency of biogas production, and the nutrient profiles of the resulting digestates. By employing rigorous scientific methods, they ensured a comprehensive understanding of the process, making it easier to replicate and apply in real-world settings. The data collected will inform stakeholders, urban planners, and policymakers about the potential benefits of integrating biogas production into municipal waste management strategies.

One of the standout findings of the study is the remarkable yield of biogas from roadside grass. When compared to traditional agricultural feedstocks, such as corn or soy, roadside grasses demonstrate a comparable, if not superior, biogas production rate. This discovery opens the door to utilizing so-called “waste” areas as renewable energy sources, providing a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and contributing to the larger energy transition goals.

Moreover, the nutrient-rich digestates produced from the biogas process hold promise for enhancing urban green spaces. Urban ornamentals, which include a variety of plants used primarily for decorative purposes in cities, often require balanced nutrients for optimal growth. Utilizing digestates as organic fertilizers may not only promote plant health but also reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers, aligning with environmental protection goals.

A critical aspect of the research is understanding the ecological impacts of converting roadside verges into biogas production zones. This involves assessing the biodiversity of plants and wildlife that inhabit these spaces. The researchers emphasize that such transformations should be approached sustainably, ensuring the preservation of local ecosystems while maximizing energy generation and resource recovery.

The study also reflects on the economic implications of utilizing roadside verges for biogas production. By adopting biorefineries in urban settings, cities could potentially alleviate waste disposal costs and create jobs related to biogas production and plant care. These economic benefits, coupled with environmental incentives, make biorefining roadside verges an attractive proposition for cities looking to enhance their sustainability initiatives.

In conclusion, the research conducted by Chopda et al. offers a multifaceted perspective on the underutilized potential of roadside verges. By generating biogas and assessing the nutrient value of grass digestates, the study presents a compelling case for integrating waste management, renewable energy, and urban agriculture into city planning. This innovative approach highlights the importance of reimagining traditional agricultural practices and urban landscapes to build a more sustainable future.

In essence, the findings not only contribute to the field of renewable energy but also inspire a review of how green spaces can play a pivotal role in urban development. By harnessing the benefits of biogas from roadside grass and utilizing the resulting digestates for ornamental horticulture, cities can turn their ecological footprints into platforms for sustainability.

Subject of Research: Biorefining roadside verges for biogas generation and nutrient assessment of grass digestates.

Article Title: Biorefining Roadside Verges: Biogas Generation and Assessment of Grass Digestates as Nutrient Sources for Urban Ornamentals.

Article References:

Chopda, R., de Souza, M.F., Robles-Aguilar, A. et al. Biorefining Roadside Verges: Biogas Generation and Assessment of Grass Digestates as Nutrient Sources for Urban Ornamentals.
Waste Biomass Valor (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03274-4

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s12649-025-03274-4

Keywords: Biorefining, Biogas, Roadside Verges, Urban Sustainability, Digestates, Renewable Energy, Urban Horticulture.

Biogas, predominantly composed of methane and carbon dioxide, is generated from organic waste decomposition and anaerobic digestion processes. While it presents a renewable energy source, its conventional usage often suffers from inefficiencies and environmental concerns. The dominant challenge lies in upgrading biogas into syngas—an essential feedstock for chemical synthesis and fuel production—with favorable hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratios (H₂/CO) for downstream applications. Traditional dry reforming, which reacts methane with carbon dioxide, typically produces syngas with low H₂/CO ratios (≤1) and demands prohibitively high temperatures exceeding 800 °C. These conditions complicate commercial viability due to energy costs, catalyst degradation, and coke formation.

The newly reported approach circumvents these challenges by employing tandem reactors that not only lower operational temperatures but also strategically modulate reaction equilibria. Using a cobalt-based catalyst system modified with potassium, the process achieves simultaneous conversion of biogas into valuable solid carbon nanofibers and a byproduct syngas stream enriched with hydrogen, exhibiting H₂/CO ratios between 2 and 3. This dual output structure not only augments overall process efficiency but also aligns with the growing demand for hydrogen-rich syngas in various energy and chemical sectors.

Central to this advancement is the intricate role of potassium modification on cobalt catalyst surfaces. Detailed experimental investigations, complemented by theoretical modeling, reveal that potassium species foster a delicate balance between cobalt facets and cobalt carbide phase formation. This balance is instrumental in enhancing carbon deposition in the form of well-structured nanofibers while mitigating detrimental coke accumulation that plagues traditional dry reforming. The catalytic synergy imparted by potassium leads to improved catalyst stability and selectivity, thus enabling lower reaction temperatures without sacrificing conversion rates.

The utilization of carbon nanofibers as a value-added product further distinguishes this method from conventional approaches. Carbon nanofibers possess exceptional mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal resilience, rendering them indispensable in industries ranging from aerospace to electronics and energy storage. Thus, transforming biogas into these advanced materials not only sequesters greenhouse gases but also opens up lucrative avenues in high-tech manufacturing sectors, fostering a circular economy framework.

Energy cost analyses of the tandem process underscore its potential economic advantages over standalone dry reforming systems. By operating at reduced temperatures and leveraging the dual output of solid carbon and syngas, the process achieves favorable energy balances and lowers operational expenditures. Moreover, carbon footprint assessments reflect significant mitigation potential, as both methane and carbon dioxide emissions are converted into stable, marketable products instead of being released into the atmosphere. This environmentally conscious design addresses urgent global goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while promoting industrial sustainability.

The reaction integration within tandem reactors exemplifies a strategic advancement in reactor engineering. Rather than performing methane dry reforming in a single step, the sequential catalytic environment in tandem setups allows for precise control over intermediate species and reaction pathways. This fine-tuned orchestration enhances overall conversion efficiencies and product selectivity, reducing side reactions that traditionally lead to unwanted byproducts and catalyst deactivation. The study’s experimental data coupled with kinetic modeling provides robust validation of these mechanistic insights.

From a materials science perspective, the cobalt catalyst’s surface chemistry manipulation through potassium is a compelling demonstration of how atomic-level modifications can ripple into macroscopic performance enhancements. Potassium oxide species (KOₓ) interact dynamically with cobalt particles, stabilizing particular crystal facets and facilitating carbide phase formation. These microscale alterations promote carbon atom assimilation into nanofiber architectures, representing a paradigm where catalyst design is intricately tied to product morphology and yield.

The broader implications of this research resonate beyond biogas upgrading. With the global energy landscape increasingly leaning toward decarbonization and circular economy models, technologies that can valorize waste streams into advanced functional materials while concurrently generating clean energy carriers are highly sought after. This tandem catalytic approach exemplifies such integrated sustainability, merging greenhouse gas abatement with materials innovation.

Furthermore, the scalable nature of the reactor design and catalytic system hints at practical industrial deployment possibilities. By mitigating coke formation and avoiding excessively high temperatures, the process enhances catalyst lifetime and reduces maintenance costs, critical factors for commercial adoption. The production of carbon nanofibers locally from biogas could also stimulate decentralized manufacturing hubs, empowering communities to convert waste into wealth.

This research aligns closely with the increasing emphasis on hydrogen economy development. The hydrogen-enriched syngas byproduct could serve as a precursor for clean hydrogen generation, fueling fuel cells or serving as a feedstock for ammonia synthesis and other chemical processes. Thus, the platform not only captures carbon but also integrates into emerging energy vectors critical for future sustainable infrastructure.

The study stands as a testament to interdisciplinary collaboration, combining catalysis science, reactor engineering, materials characterization, and techno-economic analysis. Such comprehensive efforts underscore the necessity of multifaceted approaches to complex environmental challenges, where breakthroughs emerge at the confluence of fundamental understanding and applied innovation.

Looking ahead, optimizing catalyst formulations, scaling reactor configurations, and exploring alternative feedstock compositions will be pivotal to further enhance process robustness and versatility. Investigations into catalyst regeneration and long-term operational stability remain essential to ensure industrial relevance. Additionally, life cycle assessments encompassing broader ecological impacts will help fully elucidate the technology’s sustainability credentials.

In conclusion, this tandem catalytic strategy for biogas upgrading reshapes the narrative around renewable resource utilization and carbon management. By converting greenhouse gases into functional materials and clean energy carriers under milder conditions, it provides a compelling model for future sustainable chemical processes. The fusion of surface chemistry control, reactor design, and system integration showcased here paves the way for scalable solutions that contribute meaningfully to global decarbonization efforts and circular material economies.

Subject of Research: Biogas upgrading via tandem catalytic processes to produce carbon nanofibers and hydrogen-enriched syngas.

Article Title: Biogas sequestration to carbon nanofibers via tandem catalytic strategies.

Article References:
Xie, Z., Huang, E., Turaczy, K.K. et al. Biogas sequestration to carbon nanofibers via tandem catalytic strategies. Nat Chem Eng 2, 118–129 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-025-00182-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-025-00182-1