The findings were published in the Journal of Fish Biology by teams from the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP) and the Fisheries Institute of the São Paulo Agency for Agribusiness Technology (IP/APTA). Funding support involved FAPESP and Petrobras, reflecting the project’s focus on both conservation and ecological monitoring.

Researchers combined baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVs) with additional evidence from citizen science. BRUV deployments were conducted at multiple sites and depths, producing visual records used to count sharks, estimate size, and identify individuals based on natural body markings when possible.

Citizen divers further strengthened the dataset. In summer 2024, a dive guide captured nine sand tiger sharks on film, helping confirm that adults use the archipelago beyond what earlier reports suggested.

To move from sightings to reproductive timing, the team inferred pregnancy from female body condition visible in video. They also used a recently developed approach—previously described in the U.S.—to estimate mating dates by comparing male bite-mark healing patterns in the wild with known gestation-linked observations.

The study highlights a reproductive strategy that makes the sand tiger shark particularly vulnerable to decline: intrauterine cannibalism, in which pups consume eggs or younger siblings before birth. With typically only two pups per pregnancy and long reproductive intervals, population recovery is slow under pressure from exploitation and environmental degradation.

Because sand tiger sharks are migratory, the researchers argue that multiple protected areas in the region can function together as a conservation corridor. Continued management of fishing restrictions and habitat protection may therefore be crucial for sustaining this endangered lineage.

The work also supports broader spatial planning. In 2025, Alcatrazes was designated an Important Shark and Ray Area (ISRA) by the IUCN, reinforcing that the archipelago is not only a shelter but also a key component of regional shark conservation.

Subject of Research: Critically endangered sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus) reproduction and habitat use in the Southwestern Atlantic
Article Title: Subtropical marine reserve as key habitats for the critically endangered sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus) in the Southwestern Atlantic
News Publication Date: 27-Apr-2026
Web References: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfb.70479 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70479
References: 10.1111/jfb.70479
Image Credits: Octávio Campos Salles

Keywords: endangered species; marine fishes; ecology; shark conservation; BRUVs; citizen science; reproductive cycle; protected marine areas

Cottrell’s fascination with marine wildlife has driven him to explore how technology can bolster efforts in conservation and research. His current work revolves around exploring the practical applications of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology, a sophisticated remote sensing method. By emitting laser pulses and measuring the time taken for these pulses to bounce back, LiDAR can construct highly accurate 3D representations of physical objects, yielding a wealth of data particularly valuable in documenting the subtle nuances of marine biology.

Traditionally, the examination of stranded marine mammals has relied on manual measurements and notes, often limited by environmental conditions and access restrictions. However, Cottrell is turning the tide of this limitation. Using LiDAR scanning along with UAV photogrammetry enables researchers to create detailed, interactive models of stranded marine animals. These models facilitate a comprehensive visualization of anatomical structures, offering a potent tool for morphological analysis and comparative studies across different species.

Crucially, Cottrell’s innovative approach demonstrates that you don’t need advanced training in specialized equipment to implement these techniques effectively. Thanks to modern LiDAR-equipped smartphones, such as the iPhone 12 Pro, and user-friendly scanning applications like Scaniverse, the process can be made accessible to both novice users and seasoned researchers alike. With a little training on optimal scanning strategies—such as understanding ideal angles, distances, and environmental variables—users can produce high-quality scans that significantly contribute to marine research, education, and conservation.

One of the most striking advantages of creating 3D reconstructions lies in the rich data they provide which traditional measurement techniques cannot match. These detailed models allow researchers to perform precise morphometric assessments while preserving a virtual record of the specimen. This digital documentation permits follow-up analyses without the need for a physical carcass, offering advantages such as improved accessibility and the elimination of physical constraints commonly faced in fieldwork. Consequently, researchers can make holistic comparisons among specimens, explore patterns of anatomy, and even delve into broader ecological implications across species.

Beyond the technical innovations, Cottrell highlights the transformative impact of democratizing marine research through this methodology. The utilization of cost-effective LiDAR technologies enables research initiatives to unfold even in remote regions where funding and resources might be scarce. It empowers local communities, conservationists, and researchers to actively engage in marine mammal research without the burden of acquiring expensive, specialized tools. Such inclusivity in data collection could ultimately amplify conservation efforts, leading to an increased holistic understanding of marine ecosystem health.

Misconceptions abound in the realm of scientifically advanced methodologies like 3D scanning. A prevalent belief posits that the technology is overly complex for average users. Cottrell addresses this myth with concrete evidence of how accessible mobile technology can bridge that gap. He emphasizes that with the right guidance, anyone equipped with the necessary tools is capable of making significant contributions to marine science. This is a crucial point in advancing public awareness and understanding of marine conservation issues.

As he envisions the future of research, Cottrell expresses a desire for deeper integration of 3D scanning technologies with other imaging modalities, such as MRI and CT scans. This combined approach could yield unprecedented insights into the internal workings of stranded marine mammals, offering profound implications for pathology studies, injury assessments, and overall health analysis. Such innovations could facilitate virtual dissections, allowing comparative studies on a scale never before possible while enriching our understanding of these magnificent creatures.

The concept of open science resonates strongly in relation to Cottrell’s work. By sharing findings and methodologies with the wider research community, this effort fosters a culture of transparency and collaboration in science. The global reach of open science ensures that critical insights gained from marine mammal stranding data are widely disseminated, empowering conservationists and researchers to collaboratively uplift marine mammal welfare around the world. In doing so, they contribute to a collective understanding that is pivotal in addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by marine ecosystems.

The significance of this research extends beyond the immediate benefits of 3D technology; it highlights a fundamental shift in how science can be conducted and shared. By pushing boundaries and encouraging cooperation among different stakeholders—both academic and non-academic—Cottrell’s work epitomizes the evolving landscape of marine science, where barriers between expertise and practice dissolve in favor of a more unified approach to conservation.

As the project progresses, the implications of Cottrell’s findings will undoubtedly ripple through various sectors including education, community engagement, and marine policy. The potential for making marine mammal science accessible and actionable is a beacon of hope for future conservation efforts, promising a more sustainable and responsible approach to our oceanic ecosystems. In closing, while the journey to fully realize these advancements requires ongoing effort, the pathway is charted with optimism, ingenuity, and a deep-seated respect for the natural world.

As scientists like Cottrell continue to innovate, the marine realm stands to benefit immensely from these efforts. The marriage of technology and nature will not only enhance our understanding of marine mammals, but it may also pave the way for a future where human interactions with the marine environment are synonymous with stewardship and respect, underscoring the importance of preserving these magnificent ecosystems for generations to come.

Subject of Research: Animals
Article Title: 3D Reconstructions of Stranded Marine Mammals Via Easily Accessible Remote Sensing Tools for Use in Morphometrics and Visualizations
News Publication Date: 5-Mar-2025
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1485788
References: N/A
Image Credits: Credit: DFO (Fisheries and Oceans Canada)