The study, which surveyed 578 adults, focused on a phenomenon known as mechanistic self-dehumanization. Dehumanization research, most influentially organized by psychologist Nick Haslam’s integrative framework, distinguishes between denying people human uniqueness, treating them as animal-like, and treating them as objects or machines. The mechanistic variety is the objectifying kind: perceiving oneself as cold, passive, lacking warmth, agency, and depth. Prior work had shown that social exclusion and ostracism can trigger exactly this kind of self-perception, with experiments demonstrating that excluded people report feeling like meaningless, inert objects. Hao’s question was whether the everyday, low-grade exclusion delivered by a ringing, buzzing, ever-present phone could produce the same effect.

To answer it, the study drew on Self-Determination Theory, one of the most influential frameworks in contemporary motivational psychology. The theory holds that human beings have three basic psychological needs, for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and that frustration of these needs does not merely fail to nourish well-being but actively damages it. Relatedness, the need to feel connected to and cared for by others, is the one most obviously threatened by phubbing. When a conversation partner diverts attention to a phone, the implicit message is that the person in front of them matters less than whatever is happening on the screen. Hao proposed that this perceived attentional neglect frustrates the relatedness need, and that this frustration, in turn, pushes people toward a diminished sense of their own humanness.

The statistical architecture of the study followed this logic precisely. Using survey data from the 578 participants, Hao tested a moderated mediation model, a design that allows researchers to trace an indirect pathway while checking whether other variables strengthen or weaken the links along it. The results supported the core hypothesis: perceived phubbing was positively associated with mechanistic self-dehumanization, and relatedness need frustration carried that association, acting as the psychological mechanism through which the effect traveled. In plain terms, people who felt regularly snubbed by phones reported feeling more machine-like about themselves, and the degree to which phubbing frustrated their need for connection explained much of that relationship.

What makes the finding conceptually important is the direction of the harm. Most phubbing research has examined interpersonal consequences: reduced conversation quality, lowered trust, feelings of loneliness and exclusion, and damaged impressions of the phubber. This study shifts the lens inward. The damage is not only to the relationship between two people but to the self-experience of the person being ignored. This aligns with a broader theoretical thread connecting social disconnection to dehumanization. Work by Bastian and Haslam showed that ostracized individuals describe themselves in object-like terms, and subsequent research on metadehumanization has linked frustrated psychological needs to seeing oneself and others as less than fully human. Hao’s contribution is to extend this chain into one of the most common micro-experiences of modern life, the half-attended conversation.

The study also probed two moderators, variables that change how strongly the phubbing-to-dehumanization pathway operates, and the two told very different stories. The first was psychological richness, a relatively new dimension of the good life proposed by Shigehiro Oishi and Erin Westgate. A psychologically rich life is one filled with novelty, perspective-changing experiences, and cognitive complexity, distinct from the happy life and the meaningful life that philosophers and psychologists have traditionally studied. Hao reasoned that people whose lives are rich in this way might process interactional disruption differently, and the data showed that psychological richness did strengthen the association between perceived phubbing and relatedness need frustration. In other words, individuals higher in psychological richness appeared more sensitive to being phubbed, registering the disruption of connection more acutely. Interestingly, however, this amplification did not translate into a statistically significant change in the overall indirect effect on self-dehumanization, a nuance the author reports transparently.

The second moderator delivered the study’s most practically encouraging result. Mindfulness, typically measured as a dispositional tendency toward present-moment, nonjudgmental awareness, weakened both the direct and the indirect associations linking perceived phubbing to mechanistic self-dehumanization. This means that mindful individuals were less likely to experience phubbing as a blow to their sense of humanness, both because the experience registered less damagingly in itself and because it was less likely to be converted into frustrated relational needs. The finding fits a coherent literature. Mindfulness has been shown to buffer the effects of workplace ostracism on job performance, to moderate the link between loneliness and depressive symptoms, and to de-automatize habitual emotional reactions. A focused-attention intervention has even been found to help people cope with ostracism in laboratory settings.

The mechanistic explanation for mindfulness’s protective role is plausible and theoretically grounded. Phubbing delivers an ambiguous social signal, and much of its harm likely comes from the automatic, unexamined interpretation placed on it: I am being dismissed, I do not matter, I am less of a person. Mindful awareness interrupts precisely this kind of automatic appraisal. Rather than fusing with the painful interpretation, a mindful observer can notice the partner’s divided attention as an event, one with many possible causes, without immediately translating it into a verdict on the self. In Self-Determination Theory terms, mindfulness may prevent the attentional neglect from being experienced as a full thwarting of the relatedness need, leaving the deeper sense of humanness intact.

The findings arrive amid a widening research effort to understand how co-present phone use reshapes social life. Meta-analytic reviews have confirmed that being phubbed is reliably detrimental to well-being, and experimental work shows that even observing phubbing between strangers generates negative affect and derogatory attitudes. Researchers have proposed frameworks distinguishing the good, bad, and neutral uses of phones in shared space, and randomized controlled trials have tested interventions to reduce phubbing within couples. Hao’s study adds a distinctive voice to this conversation by identifying self-dehumanization as a downstream consequence and by pointing to individual differences that determine who is most vulnerable.

Several caveats deserve honest acknowledgment. The data are cross-sectional and correlational, collected through self-report surveys, so the causal chain, phubbing to frustrated relatedness to diminished humanness, remains a theoretical model rather than a demonstrated sequence of cause and effect. The moderation of the overall indirect effect by psychological richness was not statistically significant, meaning the sensitivity finding should be treated as preliminary. And the sample, while reasonably large, cannot speak to how these dynamics play out across every culture or age group. Still, the study was conducted with careful psychometric validation, including confirmatory factor analysis and established criteria for discriminant validity, and it was ethically approved and pre-registered in its analytical logic through standard moderated mediation procedures.

The practical implications are nonetheless resonant. For individuals, the study suggests that cultivating mindfulness is not merely a wellness trend but a potential shield for one’s sense of humanity in a world of divided attention. For relationships, workplaces, and families, it adds weight to the argument that phone-free conversation is a form of respect with measurable psychological stakes. And for the science of the self, it offers a provocative thought: our feeling of being human may be partly sustained by the undivided attention of others, and partly eroded, one glance at a screen at a time, when that attention is withdrawn.

Subject of Research: The relationship between perceived phubbing and mechanistic self-dehumanization via relatedness need frustration, moderated by psychological richness and mindfulness

Article Title: Perceived phubbing and mechanistic self-dehumanization: the mediating role of relatedness need frustration and the moderating roles of psychological richness and mindfulness

Article References: Hao, L. (2026). Perceived phubbing and mechanistic self-dehumanization: the mediating role of relatedness need frustration and the moderating roles of psychological richness and mindfulness. Current Psychology, 45(20), Article 1586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-10138-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s12144-026-10138-0

Keywords: phubbing, self-dehumanization, relatedness need frustration, mindfulness, psychological richness, Self-Determination Theory, smartphone use, social exclusion, Current Psychology, well-being, social cognition, interpersonal interaction