A study published in Scientific Reports addresses this gap with a global taxonomy and computational characterization of major sign languages spanning five continents. The work classifies these languages according to six parameters: alphabetic adaptation, linguistic family, legal status, user population, and manual spelling structure, distinguishing one-handed from two-handed fingerspelling systems.

Building on this taxonomy, the researchers propose a Hierarchical Transformer Architecture designed to accommodate diverse linguistic variations. The architecture follows a three-layer approach: a universal hand pose encoder shared across languages, family-specific adaptation layers, and a final classifier head.

To quantify differences between sign languages, the study introduces two metrics: a Global Sign Language Complexity Index (GSLCI) and a Fairness Index. The GSLCI is presented as a measure of the relative complexity of various sign languages, and the Fairness Index is introduced alongside it as part of the framework’s characterization toolkit.

Analysis of the optimized framework indicates a maximum recognition accuracy of 91 percent when using the common features of various language families. The authors describe sign language as a preferable mode of communication for people with hearing and speech impairments, and position the shared-feature approach as a way to make recognition systems more scalable across regions rather than tailoring each model to a single national sign language.

The reported accuracy figure applies to the proposed optimized framework under the study’s analysis, and the paper’s metrics remain model estimates and characterization tools rather than results from deployed systems. The study is a taxonomy and computational characterization, so its findings describe classification and model performance rather than outcomes for users in the field.

Even so, the combination of a global classification scheme, complexity and fairness indices, and a hierarchical architecture offers a structured starting point for building recognition systems intended to serve deaf and hard-of-hearing users across many sign language communities rather than a privileged few.

Subject of Research: Global taxonomy and computational characterization of major sign languages for AI recognition systems

Article Title: A global taxonomy and computational characterization of major sign languages for scalable AI recognition systems

Article References: Harish, M. N., Rashmi, B., & M., S. (2026). A global taxonomy and computational characterization of major sign languages for scalable AI recognition systems. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-65810-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-65810-z

Keywords: sign language, deep learning, transformer architecture, global taxonomy, regional bias, fingerspelling, fairness index, accessibility, low-resource languages, hand pose recognition, Scientific Reports, global