The central idea of the new protocol is that two parties who wish to share a secret key — conventionally called Alice and Bob — each send quantum optical signals toward an intermediary node, often referred to as Charlie. This arrangement mirrors the geometry of twin-field QKD, a protocol family introduced by Lucamarini and colleagues in 2018 that famously overcame the fundamental rate-distance limit of repeaterless quantum communication. That limit, formalized in bounds such as the PLOB bound, had long capped the secret-key rate achievable between two parties connected only by a lossy channel and classical communication, and twin-field QKD circumvented it by having signals meet in the middle rather than travel the full span. In twin-field schemes, single-photon-level pulses from the two ends interfere at the middle node, and the resulting interference statistics allow the end parties to distill a shared key while the middle node cannot learn the key content. Because the middle node hosts only untrusted measurement equipment, the architecture inherits much of the security appeal of measurement-device-independent designs, in which detector imperfections cannot be exploited to learn the key. Twin-field QKD has since been demonstrated over remarkable distances, including fiber spans of 511 km, 600 km, 658 km, 830 km, and even 1000 km in laboratory experiments, making it the leading approach for long-haul quantum links without quantum repeaters.

Inoue and Honjo’s proposal departs from the twin-field template in two significant ways. First, instead of transmitting isolated single pulses, the two parties send lasting sequences of weak coherent pulses. Second, the intermediary party does not combine the incoming signals with a beam splitter, as in standard twin-field designs, but instead uses a delay interferometer to receive them. With these modifications, four pulses — a quadruplet — interfere with one another at the intermediary node. This four-fold interference is not merely a technical curiosity: according to the authors, it prohibits the intermediary party from eavesdropping by directly measuring the transmitted signals. In other words, the very structure of the measurement at the middle node enforces the security property that makes measurement-device-independent protocols attractive, extending that protection from a single interfered pair of pulses to an entire train of pulses linked by phase relationships.

The lineage of the second modification traces back to the differential-phase-shift family of protocols, which Inoue himself helped originate. In 2009, Inoue and Iwai proposed differential-quadrature-phase-shift quantum key distribution, a scheme in which a sender transmits a train of weak coherent pulses with phases drawn from a set of quadrature values, and the receiver interferes pulses separated by a fixed delay. The security of such schemes rests on the fact that an eavesdropper cannot unambiguously distinguish the nonorthogonal phase states — a principle connected to fundamental results on the optimum unambiguous discrimination of linearly independent symmetric states established by Chefles and Barnett in 1998, and to the overlap-and-distinguishability theorem of Dieks. These results show that any measurement attempting to identify nonorthogonal states with certainty must either fail inconclusively or introduce errors, which is exactly the leverage a legitimate protocol needs to detect eavesdropping. By transplanting this differential-quadrature-phase-shift detection scheme into the twin-field geometry, the authors create a hybrid: the long-distance reach of the twin-field architecture combined with the measurement logic of differential phase encoding.

The practical appeal of the proposal lies as much in what it omits as in what it includes. Conventional twin-field QKD implementations typically rely on phase randomization and decoy-state methods — techniques introduced by Hwang and refined by Lo, Ma, Chen, and colleagues — to close security loopholes arising from the use of imperfect, attenuated laser sources rather than true single-photon sources. Decoy states require the sender to modulate the intensity of emitted pulses across several settings and to track the statistics of each, while phase randomization demands that the optical phase of every emitted pulse be randomized independently. Both add complexity to the transmitter hardware and to the classical post-processing that follows, and both introduce additional avenues through which imperfect modulation can open subtle security gaps. The proposed quadruplet-field protocol, by contrast, does not include phase randomization or decoy methods at all. According to the authors, this makes the system setup and operation simpler than in conventional twin-field QKD, while the scheme still achieves similar QKD distances.

The mechanism by which the protocol dispenses with these tools is worth examining. In decoy-based twin-field schemes, the security proof must account for the possibility that a photon-number-splitting attack exploits the multi-photon pulses that weak laser sources inevitably emit; decoy states allow the legitimate parties to bound the single-photon contribution to their signal. In the differential-quadrature-phase-shift approach, the security against unambiguous-state-discrimination attacks is instead built into the phase structure of the pulse train itself. Because the four-pulse interference at the intermediary node ties the detection outcomes to phase relationships spanning multiple pulses, an adversary at the middle cannot perform a measurement that cleanly separates the possible phase states without introducing detectable disturbance. The delay interferometer thus plays a dual role: it is both the physical receiver and, in effect, part of the security argument. This coupling of hardware and security logic is characteristic of the distributed-phase-reference family, in which the information carrier is not a single pulse’s state but a relation among many pulses.

The authors’ analysis, developed jointly by Inoue and Honjo, includes an estimation of the protocol’s performance, and the published paper presents the scheme across a series of figures illustrating the system configuration and key-rate behavior. The work is purely theoretical at this stage — the authors note that no datasets were generated or analyzed during the study — so the reported distances and rates are projections rather than laboratory demonstrations. Nevertheless, the performance estimate suggesting distances comparable to conventional twin-field QKD is significant, because it implies that the simplifications do not come at the cost of reach, which is the primary reason practitioners adopt twin-field architectures in the first place. In long-haul deployment scenarios, where repeaters do not yet exist and every splicing point and amplifier is excluded from the quantum path, preserving distance while removing hardware burden is a genuinely valuable combination.

Context matters for assessing this contribution. Quantum key distribution allows two parties to grow a shared secret key whose security is guaranteed by quantum physics rather than computational hardness assumptions, and the field has matured from the original Bennett-Brassard protocol of 1984 through decoy-state implementations, continuous-variable schemes of the kind pioneered by Grosshans and Grangier, and measurement-device-independent designs from Braunstein and Pirandola and from Lo, Curty, and Qi that close detector side channels entirely. Each generation of protocols has addressed a specific gap: prepare-and-measure schemes left source flaws open, decoy methods patched the source, and measurement-device independence removed the detectors from the trust boundary. Twin-field QKD emerged as a particularly important branch because it scales with the square root of the channel transmittance rather than linearly, enabling key generation over distances where direct transmission yields essentially no key. Experimental groups worldwide have pushed twin-field systems past 1000 km of fiber, though such records rely on sophisticated stabilization, ultralow-loss links, and advanced detectors — precisely the kind of elaborate apparatus that raises cost and complexity.

Against that backdrop, the new proposal addresses a real engineering pain point. The transmitters in decoy-state twin-field systems must modulate both phase and intensity with high precision and maintain phase randomization, while the receivers and post-processing must handle multiple intensity classes. A protocol that achieves comparable distance with a simpler transmitter — sequential weak coherent pulses without decoy modulation or deliberate phase randomization — could reduce cost and complexity, potentially easing deployment in settings where operational simplicity matters more than squeezing out the last increment of key rate. Municipal networks, links between data centers, and interconnections of financial infrastructure are all plausible examples of environments in which a streamlined transmitter and a well-understood receiver design could accelerate adoption. The use of a delay interferometer at the intermediary node also connects the scheme to established planar light-wave circuit technology, which Honjo and Inoue used as early as 2004 in a differential-phase-shift QKD experiment, suggesting a realistic path to implementation with mature integrated-optics components. Integrated interferometers of this kind can be fabricated with stable, well-characterized delay imbalances, an advantage over bulk-optics assemblies.

Limitations remain, and the authors are candid about the scope of their work. The security analysis and performance estimates are theoretical; no experimental demonstration accompanies the paper, and translating the four-pulse interference scheme into a working system will require managing interferometer stability, phase drift over long fiber spans, and detector performance — challenges that all distributed-phase-reference protocols share, since even modest phase jitter can erode the visibility on which the key rate depends. The claim of similar distances to conventional twin-field QKD rests on the authors’ own performance estimation, and independent security proofs and experimental validation will be needed before the scheme can be considered on equal footing with the extensively studied decoy-based twin-field protocols. It is also worth noting that the scheme’s security argument, while prohibiting direct measurement attacks by the intermediary, will need to be examined against the full catalog of attacks considered in modern QKD security literature, including collective and coherent attacks and imperfections in the interferometer itself.

Even so, the proposal represents a meaningful conceptual contribution: a demonstration that the twin-field geometry, which transformed long-distance quantum key distribution, can be recombined with differential-quadrature-phase-shift measurement to yield a protocol that is simpler to build and operate without sacrificing reach. If subsequent experiments confirm the projected performance, the quadruplet-field scheme could offer a streamlined alternative for long-haul quantum networks, complementing rather than replacing the decoy-state twin-field systems that currently hold the distance records. For a field where every added component is a potential source of imperfection and cost, a protocol that achieves its security through the structure of interference itself — rather than through layers of source engineering — is a direction worth watching.

Optical cycling, the repeated absorption and emission of photons without the molecule transitioning into noncycling states, forms the backbone of various quantum technologies. The challenge, however, has always been to identify molecules that can sustain this cycling with minimal vibrational branching—meaning they return to the same vibrational state after photon emission, thereby maintaining coherence and allowing repeated excitation. Until now, this behavior was predominantly associated with relatively small diatomic or triatomic molecules, whose vibrational mode densities were sufficiently sparse to avoid loss of cycling fidelity.

The latest investigation takes a systematic, bottom-up approach, progressively increasing the size of hydrocarbon ligands attached to alkaline-earth phenoxides, ranging from a simple hydrogen (-H) to complex hydrocarbon groups exceeding fourteen carbon atoms (-C14H19). These ligands anchor to single alkaline-earth atoms, creating a series of phenoxide molecules whose vibrational properties and photon scattering behavior could be meticulously tracked. By doing this, the researchers sought to understand if and when increasing molecular complexity would erode the critical cycle closure efficiency necessary for quantum technology applications.

Contrary to conventional expectations that larger molecular size and corresponding increases in vibrational mode density would degrade photon cycling, the findings revealed a remarkable robustness in optical cycling efficiencies. Across molecules with ligand sizes stair-stepped from a single atom to assemblies of over 30 atoms, the cycle closure remained consistently around 90%. This retention of high vibrational state return signifies that optical cycling can be sustained even as molecular size scales dramatically, which was hitherto unproven territory.

The significance of these results lies in the delicate balance these molecules maintain between electronic and vibrational structure. Typically, as molecular size grows, the density of vibrational states explodes, opening pathways for photon absorption events to distribute energy into multiple vibrational modes rather than returning cleanly to the initial state. This multiplicity severely hinders the possibility of repeated photon cycling. Yet, the alkaline-earth phenoxide platform appears to inherently suppress or manage this complexity, perhaps due to the peculiar interplay between the rigid phenyl rings and the electronic environment shaped by the alkali-earth center.

Supporting these experimental observations, theoretical models extended to even larger structures such as diamondoids—a class of diamond-like hydrocarbons—and diamond surfaces suggest that this molecular platform could maintain cycle closure efficiencies at scale. The implications of this are profound: it indicates that scalable, hydrocarbon-based molecules could serve as building blocks for quantum technologies requiring large ensembles or more complex molecular systems without sacrificing optical cycling capability.

This molecular resilience opens new avenues for direct laser cooling of complex molecules. Previously, laser cooling was largely confined to small molecules and atoms due to the difficulty in managing vibrational branching. With these new findings, it becomes conceivable to laser cool larger molecular species, broadening the scope of experimental quantum systems and potentially leading to enhanced quantum sensing, quantum simulation, and molecular quantum computing implementations.

Furthermore, the approach of using a bottom-up molecular design provides a flexible toolkit for chemists and physicists. By selectively tuning hydrocarbon ligand size and structure, molecular properties can be optimized for specific quantum states or applications without losing the critical feature of narrow-band spontaneous photon scattering. This flexibility is crucial for tailoring molecules to particular experimental needs in quantum information processing and precision measurements.

The robust nature of optical cycling in these molecules also potentially revolutionizes quantum state detection, a platform-dependent process that benefits enormously from predictable and repeatable photon emissions. The high cycle closure rates demonstrated could lead to more efficient quantum measurement protocols, enabling higher sensitivity and lower error rates in quantum experiments, which are of paramount importance in fields such as quantum metrology and fundamental physics tests.

From a broader perspective, these findings resonate beyond laser cooling alone. Molecules that can cycle photons repeatedly while maintaining specific electronic and vibrational coherence states may find applications in molecular electronics, photonics, and energy transfer systems. The ability to control molecular states at such a granular level sets the stage for novel material designs and functional molecular architectures.

At the quantum frontier, scaling the size of molecules capable of optical cycling challenges longstanding assumptions about molecular structure-function relationships. It compels the scientific community to rethink how molecular complexity influences photophysical behaviors and inspires new research directions exploring hybrid systems that combine robustness with functional sophistication.

Perhaps most exciting is the prospect that there is no intrinsic upper limit identified in these studies for cycle closure degradation with molecular size—in principle, even larger and more intricate hydrocarbon frameworks might maintain similarly high vibrational branching fractions. This hints at a new class of scalable quantum materials, crafted through precise molecular engineering, that could interface seamlessly with emerging quantum technologies.

The meticulous experimental framework combined with rigorous theoretical analysis underscores the interdisciplinary nature of this research, bridging chemistry, molecular physics, and quantum information science. It exemplifies how integrating synthetic chemistry with advanced spectroscopic techniques and quantum theory can yield insights that reshape our capabilities in manipulating and understanding quantum systems.

In essence, this research reveals that increasing molecular size through strategic ligand attachment to alkaline-earth phenoxides does not inherently impede the critical process of optical cycling. Instead, the phenyl-ring-based hydrocarbon design holds the key to maintaining high-fidelity photon scattering, paving the way for new quantum applications hitherto deemed impractical with larger molecules.

Future explorations may delve into even more complex molecular geometries, diverse ligand chemistries, and integration with nano-scale substrates to push the boundaries of molecular quantum state control. The implications for scalable quantum networks, molecular qubits, and ultra-cold chemistry are vast and promising.

To summarize, the discovery that larger hydrocarbon molecules maintain high optical cycling efficiency marks a paradigm shift in understanding molecular photophysics and quantum state manipulation. The findings catalyze a reconsideration of molecular size limits and open vibrant new research pathways towards practical, scalable quantum molecular systems poised to impact quantum technology frontiers.

Subject of Research: Optical cycling in large hydrocarbon molecules; vibrational branching in alkaline-earth phenoxides; quantum state detection and laser cooling of complex molecules.

Article Title: Bottom-up approach to making larger hydrocarbon molecules capable of optical cycling.

Article References:
Lao, G., Khvorost, T., Macias, A. et al. Bottom-up approach to making larger hydrocarbon molecules capable of optical cycling. Nat. Chem. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-025-01965-y

Image Credits: AI Generated

Nitrogen-vacancy centers are atomic-scale defects within a diamond lattice that function as highly stable and easily controllable quantum emitters. These centers have been the focus of intense research due to their unique properties, including the ability to emit single photons on demand. Single photon sources are fundamental to developing quantum communication networks, ultra-sensitive magnetometers, and qubits for quantum computing. However, conventional nanodiamonds with NV centers suffer from inefficient photon extraction as the emitted photons disperse isotropically, making collection a significant technical bottleneck.

Addressing this limitation, the research team engineered a hybrid nanoantenna structure that integrates layers of metallic and dielectric materials arranged in a bullseye pattern surrounding the nanodiamond. This nanoantenna acts like an architectural lighthouse, directing the emitted photons into a concentrated beam rather than allowing them to scatter randomly. The bullseye design utilizes concentric rings that enhance the constructive interference of emitted light, effectively funneling photons into a narrower emission profile.

Crucially, the researchers employed an ultra-precise fabrication technique that enables the placement of individual nanodiamonds at the exact center of the bullseye nanoantenna with nanometer precision. This meticulous positioning is essential because even slight misalignments could severely degrade the antenna’s ability to direct photons efficiently. By ensuring the nanodiamond’s NV center sits precisely at the electromagnetic hotspot of the antenna, the team maximized the coupling between the quantum emitter and the photonic structure.

The device operates effectively at room temperature, a pivotal advantage over many quantum photonic systems that require cryogenic cooling to maintain performance. This characteristic opens the door to real-world applications where practical integration with existing technologies is essential. By bridging the gap between laboratory prototypes and commercially viable devices, this research marks a major milestone toward scalable quantum communication and sensing systems.

The technological implications of this development extend beyond just efficient photon collection. Enhanced directionality of light emission can lead to significant improvements in the optical signal-to-noise ratio, allowing quantum information to be transmitted with higher fidelity and over longer distances. Such capabilities are essential for building quantum-secured communication channels that are immune to eavesdropping and for creating high-precision quantum sensors capable of detecting minuscule magnetic or electric fields.

Experimental validation of this approach demonstrated that up to 80% of photons emitted from NV centers in the hybrid nanoantennas could be collected using standard optics at room temperature. This figure surpasses previous benchmarks where less than a third of emitted photons were typically collected under similar conditions. The difference carries monumental importance for practical quantum devices since photon loss directly translates to reduced efficiency and increased error rates.

Beyond the immediate application in quantum photonics, the research exemplifies the power of interdisciplinary collaboration involving material science, nanofabrication, quantum physics, and optical engineering. By carefully optimizing the interaction between light and matter on the nanoscale, the team showcased how subtle structural engineering can drastically enhance quantum device performance. It is a vivid demonstration of how merging classical photonic design principles with quantum emitters produces devices that harness the quantum realm more effectively.

Prof. Rapaport, a lead researcher on the project, emphasized the transformative potential of the new platform: “Our system brings us tantalizingly close to the theoretical limits of photon collection efficiency. With this kind of precision and design, quantum devices that were once purely experimental can now become practical tools driving new technologies in secure communications and sensing.” His statement underlines the transition from proof-of-concept experiments to scalable quantum technology platforms.

Moreover, Dr. Boaz Lubotzky highlighted the user-friendly nature of the design, noting its compatibility with chip-based fabrication methods and operation at room temperature. This ease of integration facilitates incorporation into existing photonic circuits and modular quantum systems without the burdensome need for complex cooling infrastructure. The chip-scale approach is critical for future quantum networks requiring compact, reliable components.

This pioneering work not only deepens our understanding of light-matter interactions within nanophotonic devices but also positions nanodiamond-based quantum emitters as front-runners in the race toward next-generation quantum technologies. While diamonds have been treasured for their aesthetic beauty for centuries, their emerging role as a foundation for secure quantum communication and highly sensitive detection devices exemplifies the unexpected utility of natural materials in cutting-edge tech.

Looking ahead, the team’s success affirms that overcoming physical constraints at the nanoscale can unlock dramatic enhancements in quantum device performance. As quantum computing and communication technologies edge closer to commercialization, improvements such as these are crucial for maintaining coherence, increasing data transmission rates, and achieving practical deployment in everyday technologies. The methodology demonstrated here provides a versatile platform that can be adapted and expanded to other types of quantum emitters and photonic architectures.

In summary, the innovative coupling of nanodiamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy centers with an ultra-precisely positioned hybrid bullseye nanoantenna heralds a new era of efficient, practical quantum photonics. Achieving near-unity photon collection at room temperature is not just a technical triumph but a critical step enabling secure quantum networks, advanced quantum sensors, and ultimately, scalable quantum information processing. The research published in APL Quantum stands as a pivotal contribution, bridging the gap between fundamental quantum emitter physics and real-world quantum technology applications.

Article Title: Approaching unity photon collection from NV centers via ultra-precise positioning of nanodiamonds in hybrid nanoantennas

News Publication Date: 17-Sep-2025

Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0272913

Image Credits: Boaz Lubotzky

Keywords: Quantum computing, Computational science, Quantum optics, Nanotechnology

The study marks the first time researchers have captured the delicate process of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quantum system precisely at zero temperature—an elusive regime where traditional experimental observations have long remained out of reach. By leveraging a state-of-the-art seven-qubit superconducting quantum processor, the team faithfully emulated the dynamics of a quantum many-body system undergoing a phase transition from a classical antiferromagnetic state to an entangled ferromagnetic quantum phase.

Initially, the system was arranged in a classical antiferromagnetic phase, where neighboring particles exhibit spin orientations that alternate sharply between two opposite directions, reflecting an ordered, staggered pattern with inherent symmetry. Through a carefully engineered digitized evolution, the quantum circuit guided the system to spontaneously reorganize itself into a ferromagnetic quantum phase, where all particle spins align uniformly while establishing intricate quantum correlations — a signature of entanglement.

According to Alan Santos, a physicist associated with the Institute of Fundamental Physics of the Spanish National Research Council and a key member of the theoretical team, the experiment reveals profound insights into quantum phase transitions driven by symmetry breaking. He elaborates, “The original spin configuration of alternating orientations evolved spontaneously into a uniformly aligned state—this transition is a direct consequence of the system breaking its initial symmetry as it reorganizes into a new phase.”

Spontaneous symmetry breaking lies at the heart of many critical phenomena in physics, from superconductivity to the Higgs mechanism, and serves as an essential mechanism enabling complex structures to emerge in nature. Yet, achieving a direct experimental handle on SSB at absolute zero—a state where thermal fluctuations vanish and quantum effects prevail exclusively—has remained one of the field’s most formidable challenges until now.

Absolute zero, defined as 0 Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius, represents a theoretical limit where all classical motion ceases. While physically unattainable, simulating systems at this temperature theoretically strips away classical noise, isolating pure quantum mechanical behavior. The research team circumvented the impossibility of reaching absolute zero experimentally by instead digitally simulating the zero-temperature adiabatic evolution of their quantum spin lattice using a superconducting processor capable of exquisite control and measurement.

The quantum processor employed in the experiment featured seven superconducting qubits arranged in a linear lattice configuration that permitted only immediate neighbor interactions. This architecture closely mimicked the local interactions found in real quantum materials. By executing specialized algorithms that implement adiabatic evolution—a gradual ramping of system parameters to avoid excitations—the researchers ensured the system faithfully reproduced the zero-temperature ground state dynamics underlying symmetry breaking.

A critical aspect of detecting the phase transition involved analyzing quantum correlation functions and quantifying entanglement through Rényi entropy measures. Rényi entropy, a mathematical tool introduced by Hungarian mathematician Alfréd Rényi in the 1960s, provides a powerful metric to characterize the degree and distribution of quantum entanglement within a many-body system. The marked changes in these observables corroborated the onset of order and quantum coherence indicative of the ferromagnetic phase.

Entanglement, one of the most baffling yet fundamental features of quantum mechanics, describes correlations between particles so strong that the state of one instantaneously influences the state of another, regardless of spatial separation. “Superposition and entanglement are the dual pillars of quantum computation,” Santos explains. “While superposition allows a quantum system to explore multiple computational paths simultaneously, entanglement unlocks correlations that classical computers cannot replicate, vastly accelerating certain calculations.”

This quantum advantage was tangibly demonstrated through the simulation itself: what would be prohibitively complex for classical computers—tracking an evolving many-body quantum state with local interactions at zero temperature—became feasible within a manageable runtime on the superconducting quantum processor. The experiment thus validates the promise of quantum computing as a transformative tool to explore complex quantum phenomena that lie beyond classical reach.

The work was a collaborative triumph involving researchers from top institutions worldwide, including the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, China; Aarhus University in Denmark; and the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) in Brazil. The actual physical implementation and execution of the quantum circuits took place at SUSTech, utilizing its cutting-edge superconducting quantum hardware cooled to near absolute zero temperatures—around one millikelvin—achieved through advanced dilution refrigerators.

Superconducting qubits, composed of aluminum and niobium alloys, offer strong advantages in scalability and coherence, a main reason why leading quantum computing efforts worldwide harness this technology. As Santos notes, “Building hundreds or even thousands of these qubits on a chip is technically feasible, providing a promising route toward practical, large-scale quantum processors essential for future quantum simulations and applications.”

Beyond the fundamental physics questions addressed, this experiment’s success underscores a broader paradigm shift ushered in by quantum computing: the capacity to simulate and understand quantum materials and phase transitions that have long eluded traditional approaches. Such capabilities could accelerate the discovery of novel quantum phases, materials, and technologies that harness quantum effects for computing, sensing, and communication.

Moreover, the research highlights how intertwining theoretical developments with state-of-the-art hardware implementations—in this case combining adiabatic algorithms with superconducting lattice processors—can yield unprecedented experimental insights into deep quantum phenomena. It eloquently embodies the symbiotic relationship between advancing quantum theory and enabling experimental quantum device engineering.

As physics continues to revolve around the profound interplay between symmetry and its breaking, this landmark study demonstrates that quantum computers are not merely abstract curiosities but potent new instruments to probe nature’s subtleties at the most fundamental level. The exploration of zero-temperature spontaneous symmetry breaking, once a purely theoretical concept, now takes a decisive step toward experimental reality—heralding a new age of quantum discovery.

Subject of Research: Quantum simulation of spontaneous symmetry breaking at zero temperature using superconducting qubits.

Article Title: Digital simulation of zero-temperature spontaneous symmetry breaking in a superconducting lattice processor

News Publication Date: 7-Apr-2025

Web References: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57812-8

Image Credits: Alan Santos