The study, led by Yu Song and Xinyu Zhou of the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, together with colleagues in the hospital’s Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, set out to answer a question that individual trials could not. Dozens of small randomized controlled trials have tested various TCM-based interventions against cancer-related fatigue, but results were scattered across different techniques, patient groups and outcome measures, leaving clinicians with no clear sense of which therapy deserved priority. By pooling all of the evidence in a single statistical framework, the researchers hoped to rank the treatments even where no trial had ever compared them directly.

To do this, the team searched eight electronic databases from their inception up to 24 November 2025, screening the literature for randomized controlled trials that evaluated TCM-based non-pharmacological therapies in lung cancer patients and reported fatigue outcomes. The methodological quality of each included trial was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool, the current standard for judging whether a trial’s design and conduct could plausibly distort its results. All statistical analyses were performed in STATA 18.0, and the synthesis followed the PRISMA extension statement designed specifically for network meta-analyses, the reporting framework that allows both direct and indirect comparisons to be combined coherently.

The final evidence base comprised 32 randomized controlled trials covering eight distinct TCM-based non-pharmacological therapies. The list reads like a tour of classical Chinese medicine adapted for the modern oncology ward: moxibustion in several forms, including thunder-fire and heat-sensitive variants; auricular acupressure, in which seeds or needles are pressed into points on the outer ear; acupuncture and acupressure; transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation, known as TEAS; qigong and related mind-body exercises such as Baduanjin, Tai Chi, Liuzijue and Wuqinxi; acupoint application of herbal plasters; and traditional techniques such as hot ironing and drug canister therapy. Rather than comparing each therapy only against usual care, the network meta-analysis placed them all on a common scale, using standardized mean differences to express how much each reduced fatigue relative to the alternatives.

The headline result concerns moxibustion. Against usual care, moxibustion achieved a standardized mean difference of −2.56, with a 95 percent confidence interval spanning −3.60 to −1.51. In plain terms, patients receiving moxibustion reported substantially lower fatigue scores than those receiving routine care, and the effect size is large by any clinical convention — standardized mean differences above 0.8 are typically considered large, so a value exceeding two represents an unusually pronounced signal. Auricular acupressure also beat usual care significantly, with a standardized mean difference of −1.82 (95 percent CI −3.61 to −0.03), although the confidence interval only just excludes zero, indicating a more fragile statistical foundation.

Perhaps more consequential is the direct comparison between therapies. Moxibustion showed a significant advantage over qigong, with a standardized mean difference of −2.12 (95 percent CI −3.58 to −0.65). This is notable because qigong and its cousins Tai Chi and Baduanjin are the TCM-based interventions most familiar to Western integrative oncology, and they have accumulated a respectable evidence base in other cancers. The finding does not mean qigong is useless — the analysis simply found it less effective than moxibustion for fatigue specifically in lung cancer patients — but it does suggest that passive heat-based stimulation of acupuncture points may outperform movement-based practices for this symptom in this population, at least within the current trial literature.

Why might moxibustion perform so well? The therapy involves burning processed mugwort, either on or hovering just above selected acupuncture points, delivering sustained radiant heat to the skin. Trials included in the review tested several refinements, from temperature-controlled thunder-fire moxibustion to heat-sensitive moxibustion, in which practitioners identify points that respond unusually to warmth, and herbal cake moxibustion applied to the back Shu points. Proposed mechanisms are largely indirect: heat stimulation may modulate local blood flow, influence immune parameters — some trials in the review tracked lymphocyte counts and immune function — and alter signaling in pathways implicated in the biology of cancer-related fatigue, which is thought to involve inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation and disrupted energy metabolism. Auricular acupressure, meanwhile, has a plausible neurological rationale, since stimulation of the ear’s vagal distribution can influence autonomic balance, a mechanism explored in related work on transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation.

The authors themselves temper enthusiasm with an important caveat. The included trials showed considerable risk of bias, a common problem in the complementary medicine literature where true placebos are difficult to design — patients and practitioners inevitably know whether mugwort is being burned on their skin, and blinding of outcome assessors is often incomplete. Small sample sizes, heterogeneous intervention protocols and variable fatigue measurement instruments further weaken the evidence. The review’s conclusion is therefore deliberately cautious: moxibustion and auricular acupressure may be the most promising TCM-based non-pharmacological therapies for alleviating cancer-related fatigue in lung cancer patients, qigong appears less effective, but these conclusions require validation through more rigorously designed, high-quality clinical trials before they can guide practice with confidence.

Context matters for interpreting the stakes. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and fatigue is among its most prevalent and disabling symptoms, reported during palliative chemotherapy and long after treatment ends. Qualitative studies show that patients describe the exhaustion as qualitatively different from everyday tiredness, shaping their depression, anxiety and willingness to continue treatment. Because fatigue also independently predicts reduced health-related quality of life in lung cancer survivors, an inexpensive, low-risk, non-drug therapy that meaningfully reduces it would be a genuine addition to supportive care — particularly if it can be delivered by nurses as part of routine symptom management, as many of the included trials envisioned.

For now, the study offers both a roadmap and a warning. The roadmap points researchers toward moxibustion and auricular acupressure as priority interventions deserving large, well-blinded, preregistered trials with standardized fatigue instruments and adequate follow-up. The warning is that a network meta-analysis is only as reliable as the trials feeding it, and 32 small studies with elevated risk of bias can inflate or distort rankings in ways that only better primary research can resolve. Patients and clinicians should read the result as a promising signal rather than a prescription: the ancient practice of warming acupuncture points with burning mugwort may yet earn a modern place in oncology supportive care, but the definitive trials that would justify it have still to be run.

Subject of Research: Comparative efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine-based non-pharmacological therapies for cancer-related fatigue in lung cancer patients

Article Title: Comparative efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine-based non-pharmacological therapies for managing cancer-related fatigue in lung cancer patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Article References: Song, Y., Zhou, X., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Xia, Y., Ni, F., & Geng, S. (2026). Comparative efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine-based non-pharmacological therapies for managing cancer-related fatigue in lung cancer patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Supportive Care in Cancer, 34(10), Article 984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-026-11208-6

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s00520-026-11208-6

Keywords: cancer-related fatigue, lung cancer, moxibustion, auricular acupressure, Traditional Chinese Medicine, network meta-analysis, qigong, acupuncture, non-pharmacological therapies, supportive care, randomized controlled trials, systematic review

The research team, led by Zhengxin Hui and Liang Li, who contributed equally to the work, and supervised by Yinping Zhang and Tonggang Fan, conducted systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library up to August 2026. From these searches they assembled an unusually large evidence base: 149 randomized controlled trials encompassing 13,004 patients with cancer. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for estimating causal effects because participants are assigned by chance to an intervention or a comparison group, which balances out the confounding factors that plague observational studies. Pooling 149 of them therefore offers one of the most comprehensive pictures to date of how different exercise prescriptions perform in cancer populations.

What makes this study methodologically distinctive is its dual approach. First, the authors performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis, a technique that goes beyond traditional pairwise meta-analysis by allowing every intervention to be compared with every other intervention, both directly, when trials tested two modalities against each other, and indirectly, when trials linked them through a common comparator such as usual care. This creates a network of evidence in which the relative standing of each exercise type can be estimated even if no single trial ever compared them all in one experiment. To rank the interventions, the team used the surface under the cumulative ranking curve, or SUCRA, a metric that runs from zero to 100 percent and expresses the probability that a given treatment ranks highest among all the options evaluated.

The SUCRA rankings produced a clear shortlist of top performers. Qigong and Tai Chi, the slow, flowing mind-body practices rooted in traditional Chinese movement culture, emerged among the highest-ranked interventions, alongside high-intensity interval training, better known as HIIT, and combined aerobic and resistance training. The prominence of Qigong and Tai Chi is striking because these are low-impact, low-load practices that many patients with advanced disease, fatigue or treatment-related limitations can actually perform. Their high ranking suggests that the gentle, rhythmic, breath-coordinated character of these practices may deliver quality-of-life benefits that rival far more strenuous regimens, a finding with immediate relevance for patients who cannot tolerate intense exercise.

HIIT, by contrast, represents the opposite end of the intensity spectrum. It alternates short bursts of near-maximal effort with recovery periods, and it has attracted growing interest in exercise oncology because it achieves substantial cardiovascular and muscular stimulus in a compressed amount of time. Combined aerobic and resistance training, the third top-ranked modality, blends endurance work such as walking or cycling with strength work using weights or bodyweight resistance. The convergence of these three very different modalities at the top of the rankings underscores an important point: there is no single best exercise for quality of life in cancer care, but rather several distinct pathways, each with its own dose requirements, that appear to lead to similar destinations.

The second analytical pillar of the study was a network dose-response meta-analysis, abbreviated MBNMA in the paper, which models how the effect of an intervention changes as a function of its dose. The researchers quantified exercise dose using MET-minutes per week, a standard unit in exercise science in which one metabolic equivalent, or MET, represents the energy cost of resting quietly, and brisk physical activity typically registers at three to eight METs. A person walking briskly for five hours a week at roughly four METs would accumulate about 1,200 MET-minutes. Rather than assuming that more exercise is always better, the team fitted an Emax model, a nonlinear function borrowed from pharmacology that describes how a response rises with dose, approaches a maximum, and then plateaus.

The dose-response modelling delivered one of the study’s headline findings: the association between exercise dose and quality of life is nonlinear, with the model-estimated overall effect peaking at approximately 2,000 MET-minutes per week. Below that threshold, additional exercise appears to buy meaningful gains in wellbeing; beyond it, the model suggests diminishing returns. This kind of plateau is biologically plausible. Quality of life is constrained not only by physical capacity but by fatigue, psychological distress, sleep and social functioning, and once exercise has extracted the improvements it can deliver in these domains, pushing the dose higher may add strain without adding benefit. The finding echoes the shape of dose-response curves reported in other exercise-oncology research and gives clinicians a concrete numerical anchor for prescription.

Crucially, the peak dose was not the same for every modality. The model-estimated maximum effect for Qigong and Tai Chi occurred at a much lower dose, around 750 MET-minutes per week, which corresponds to only a few hours of gentle practice spread across the week. HIIT reached its model-estimated maximum at about 800 MET-minutes per week, consistent with the idea that high-intensity work delivers its stimulus efficiently. Combined aerobic and resistance training required the largest dose, with the model placing its maximum effect at roughly 2,000 MET-minutes per week, in line with the overall peak. In practical terms, a patient who enjoys and tolerates combined training may need to invest considerably more weekly activity to reach the modelled optimum, whereas a patient drawn to mind-body practice or interval work may achieve comparable modelled benefit at a fraction of that volume.

The authors are careful to frame these estimates as model-derived values that require prospective validation. Network meta-analysis and dose-response modelling are observational in the sense that they reanalyse existing trial data rather than testing prescriptions in new patients, and the Emax parameters depend on the doses represented in the included trials, which were not designed with a common dose grid in mind. Heterogeneity across cancer types, treatment stages, outcome instruments and intervention durations can all influence the pooled estimates, and the Bayesian framework makes its assumptions explicit but does not eliminate them. The study was funded by the Shanghai Oriental Talent Program Youth Project, and the authors declare no competing interests. The work is published open access, making the full analysis available to clinicians and researchers worldwide.

Even with those caveats, the study arrives at a moment when exercise is being formally integrated into cancer care pathways in many health systems, and it offers something those pathways have lacked: a comparative, quantified map of the options. For a patient beginning rehabilitation after chemotherapy, the findings suggest that a low-dose Qigong or Tai Chi routine may be an evidence-supported starting point, particularly when fatigue or deconditioning makes vigorous activity unappealing. For a fitter patient, HIIT or a combined aerobic and resistance program, dosed with the modelled peaks in mind, represents an alternative route to the same goal. What the analysis ultimately reinforces is that in exercise oncology, as in pharmacology, the prescription matters, the dose matters, and the best regimen is the one that matches the right modality to the right patient at the right intensity.

Subject of Research: Comparative effectiveness and dose-response of exercise interventions on quality of life in patients with cancer

Article Title: Optimizing exercise regimens for quality of life in patients with cancer: a network meta-analysis and dose–response study

Article References: Hui, Z., Li, L., Zhang, Y., & Fan, T. (2026). Optimizing exercise regimens for quality of life in patients with cancer: a network meta-analysis and dose–response study. BMC Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17109-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12885-026-17109-5

Keywords: cancer rehabilitation, exercise oncology, quality of life, network meta-analysis, dose-response, HIIT, Tai Chi, Qigong, aerobic training, resistance training, randomized controlled trials, SUCRA

The study, published in the journal Mindfulness, is a Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials conducted between 2005 and 2025. A team led by Senyao Du of Macao Polytechnic University and Guowen Ai of Hainan Normal University searched six databases, screened more than 4,000 records, and ultimately included 22 randomized controlled trials covering 1,397 participants and 112 separate effect sizes. The trials came from China, India, Thailand, the United States, Iran, and other countries, and tested interventions ranging from Tai Chi and Qigong to yoga and walking meditation against no intervention, health education, or other forms of exercise.

What makes this analysis unusual is its statistical machinery. Rather than relying on traditional frequentist methods, the team used Bayesian multilevel models, which estimate full probability distributions for effect sizes and allow researchers to compute Bayes factors, a measure of how strongly the data support a real effect over no effect. The team also restricted inclusion to three relatively pure laboratory tests of proprioception: joint position reproduction, threshold to detection of passive motion, and the active movement extent discrimination assessment. These vision-occluded paradigms minimize contributions from other senses, making the pooled estimate more interpretable than earlier reviews that lumped together heartbeat detection, tactile tasks, and balance proxies.

The headline result was striking. In the unadjusted model, mindfulness-based interventions improved proprioceptive accuracy with a standardized effect size of Hedges’ g of minus 0.70, where negative values indicate reduced error in proprioceptive judgments. The 95 percent highest density interval ran from minus 0.96 to minus 0.44, and the Bayes factor reached 4,290, which by conventional criteria constitutes overwhelming evidence for a nonzero effect. In plain terms, people who practiced mind-body exercises became measurably better at judging joint angles and detecting passive movements than people who did not.

Subgroup analyses added texture to that headline. Tai Chi showed the largest and most credible effect of any intervention, with g of minus 0.82 and a Bayes factor above 900. Yoga, Qigong, and walking meditation produced negative point estimates but intervals that included zero and Bayes factors at or below one, meaning the evidence for those practices was inconclusive rather than supportive. The most dramatic subgroup was older adults, who showed the greatest improvement of any population at g of minus 0.84 with a Bayes factor of roughly 210,000. College students, teenagers, and athletes showed no credible effects, and for athletes the point estimate actually leaned in the opposite direction, though without statistical significance.

Why would Tai Chi outperform its cousins? The authors point to its distinctive movement signature. Sequences such as Wave Hands Like Clouds and Single Whip demand slow, fluid, multi-joint coordination with continuous transitions between lengthening and shortening muscle contractions, a loading pattern that may efficiently stimulate muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors. Tai Chi also fuses movement with breath and concentrated attention, a cognitive-motor integration that engages brain networks for body awareness, movement planning, and executive control. Yoga and Qigong, by contrast, lean more heavily on static postures, and walking meditation involves highly automated, repetitive motion that may offer too little novel proprioceptive challenge to drive adaptive remodeling.

The body-site findings reinforce a mechanical story. The knee and ankle showed the most reliable improvements, with credible effects for ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion in particular. These are exactly the joints most loaded during weight-bearing Tai Chi and yoga postures. Dorsiflexion improved more than plantar flexion, plausibly because everyday walking and standing already train the latter, leaving a narrower window for plasticity. Effects were also detectable with the passive motion detection and joint position reproduction tests but not with the more cognitively demanding discrimination task, suggesting the interventions primarily sharpen raw afferent signaling rather than higher-order sensory decision-making.

But here is the catch that keeps this study honest. A significant multilevel Egger test revealed small-study effects, the statistical fingerprint of publication bias, in which smaller, less precise studies tend to report larger effects. When the team applied bias-correction models and averaged across them, the corrected estimate carried a standard error nearly as large as the effect itself, and the resulting confidence interval spanned zero. In the worst case, publication bias could explain all of the observed benefit. The authors also graded the evidence using the GRADE framework and rated the overall certainty for the pooled effect as low, citing serious risk of bias, serious inconsistency, and serious publication bias concerns. Blinding participants to Tai Chi is, after all, impossible.

Still, the practical signals are hard to ignore. Effects grew with intervention duration, with roughly 16 weeks emerging as the point where benefits became most consistent, and the improvement was strongest in older adults, precisely the population where declining proprioception contributes to falls and lost independence. Because mindfulness practices are low-intensity, low-cost, and highly repeatable, they could complement neurorehabilitation programs for people with knee osteoarthritis, chronic ankle instability, or post-stroke deficits, while also delivering well-documented mental health benefits that conventional proprioceptive training cannot. The authors are careful to say these applications should be tested in dedicated large, preregistered, multicenter trials before firm clinical recommendations are made. For now, the message is a measured one: your body’s inner compass may indeed be trainable through the slow, deliberate art of Tai Chi, but science is still calibrating exactly how much the needle moves.

Subject of Research: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on proprioceptive accuracy

Article Title: The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Proprioception: A Bayesian Multilevel Meta-Analysis of Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials

Article References: Du, S., Ai, G., Zhao, S., Ng, S. F., Siu, T. L., & Ning, Z. (2026). The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Proprioception: A Bayesian Multilevel Meta-Analysis of Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-026-02986-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s12671-026-02986-5

Keywords: mindfulness, proprioception, Tai Chi, meta-analysis, Bayesian statistics, body awareness, older adults, yoga, Qigong, neurorehabilitation, publication bias, randomized controlled trials

Prediabetes is the quiet warning zone between normal metabolism and full-blown type 2 diabetes. Characterised by fasting glucose between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L, impaired glucose tolerance, or glycated haemoglobin between 5.7% and 6.4%, it progresses to overt diabetes at a rate of roughly 5% to 10% per year. Yet that trajectory is not fixed: landmark lifestyle interventions have cut diabetes incidence by up to 58%. With an estimated 537 million adults worldwide now living with diabetes and projections reaching 783 million by 2045, finding accessible, sustainable forms of exercise for the prediabetic population has become a global priority.

The trial, conducted at the Health Management Center of Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangsu Province between July and December 2024, enrolled 62 community-dwelling adults aged 45 and older. Participants were randomly assigned in equal measure to one of three groups: a control group receiving standard lifestyle counselling, a Traditional Chinese Exercise group practising Baduanjin, and a Kuanle Equipment Exercise group using purpose-built resistance and aerobic machines. The researchers measured fasting plasma glucose, two-hour oral glucose tolerance, HbA1c and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 at baseline and again at week twelve, using validated laboratory methods with tight quality control.

The Baduanjin protocol was faithfully classical: three 45-minute supervised sessions per week, each comprising a warm-up, thirty minutes covering three cycles of the eight standardised movements, and a cool-down. The equipment group matched the frequency and duration but followed a circuit of leg press, chest press, rowing and stationary cycling at 60% to 70% of heart rate reserve, supervised by ACSM-certified specialists. Adherence was defined as completing at least 80% of the 36 scheduled sessions, and remarkably, all 62 participants finished the study with complete data, a 100% retention rate the authors attribute to monthly phone follow-ups, weekly reminders and flexible scheduling.

The metabolic results were unambiguous. Both exercise groups showed significant improvements over control in every primary glycaemic measure after adjustment for baseline values. Fasting glucose fell from 6.4 to 5.8 mmol/L in the Baduanjin group and from 6.6 to 5.6 mmol/L in the equipment group, while the control group barely moved. Two-hour glucose tolerance improved by 14.6% in the traditional exercise group and 21.2% in the equipment group. HbA1c, the three-month average of blood sugar, dropped from 6.0% to 5.6% with Baduanjin and from 6.2% to 5.4% with machines, whereas controls saw only a trivial decline.

Crucially, however, the direct head-to-head comparison between the two exercise modalities did not reach statistical significance for any primary outcome, with p-values ranging from 0.071 to 0.089. The equipment group posted numerically larger mean changes, which is biologically plausible given its combination of aerobic and resistance training, but the authors are careful to frame this as descriptive and hypothesis-generating rather than proof of superiority. The trial was also underpowered: recruitment constraints limited enrollment to 62 participants instead of the planned 90, leaving the study able to detect only large effects in direct comparisons.

The vitamin D findings may prove the most talked-about result. Every single participant entered the study deficient, with a mean baseline 25(OH)D3 of roughly 21.5 nmol/L, far below the 50 nmol/L sufficiency threshold. After twelve weeks, levels surged by 60.6% in the Baduanjin group and 81.9% in the equipment group, while controls rose only marginally. Because all exercise sessions were conducted indoors, differential sunlight exposure cannot explain the increase. The authors speculate that exercise-induced metabolic adaptations, such as reduced sequestration of vitamin D in adipose tissue as fat mass declined, or altered hepatic hydroxylation, may be responsible, though they emphasise these mechanisms remain speculative without direct assays.

An exploratory correlation analysis added a tantalising but cautious footnote: across the full cohort, within-person increases in 25(OH)D3 were inversely associated with changes in two-hour glucose tolerance after adjustment for age, sex, baseline BMI and treatment group, but not with fasting glucose, HbA1c or triglycerides. The researchers stress that these secondary analyses, based on a small sample, cannot establish vitamin D as a mediator of the glycaemic benefits. Notably, even after substantial gains, mean vitamin D concentrations in both exercise groups remained below sufficiency, suggesting that exercise alone cannot replace supplementation, particularly in winter or for those with limited sun exposure.

Beyond glucose and vitamin D, both interventions improved body composition and blood lipids. Triglycerides fell by 15% with Baduanjin and 20% with equipment exercise, LDL cholesterol dropped by roughly 10% to 14%, and skeletal muscle mass increased in both groups, while BMI and body fat percentage declined significantly compared with control. Safety was excellent: only minor, transient musculoskeletal complaints occurred, resolving within a week, and no hypoglycaemic events were recorded during the entire study period.

The trial carries important caveats. Nearly 89% of participants were female, limiting generalisability to men; dietary vitamin D intake, clothing coverage, sunscreen use and seasonal variation were not systematically measured during a study spanning July to December; the trial was single-centre and not prospectively registered in a public registry; and the duration of prediabetes was not recorded. Still, the practical message stands: for middle-aged and older adults hovering on the edge of diabetes, a culturally familiar, low-impact practice like Baduanjin offers measurable metabolic benefits comparable, within the limits of this study, to standardised gym-based training. Larger, longer, prospectively registered trials that track sunlight and dietary vitamin D will be needed to confirm whether the vitamin D surge is a genuine exercise effect, and whether the numerical edge of machine-based training hardens into proven superiority.

Subject of Research: Effects of traditional Chinese exercise versus equipment-based exercise on glycaemic control and vitamin D levels in adults with prediabetes

Article Title: Comparison of Traditional Chinese Exercise and Equipment‐Based Exercise on Glycaemic Control and Vitamin D Levels in Middle‐Aged and Elderly Patients With Prediabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Article References: Lingzhi, X., Chunhua, Z., Wu, L., Jiejin, D., & Yimin, Y. (2026). Comparison of Traditional Chinese Exercise and Equipment‐Based Exercise on Glycaemic Control and Vitamin D Levels in Middle‐Aged and Elderly Patients With Prediabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, 9(5), Article e70326. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.70326

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1002/edm2.70326

Keywords: prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, Baduanjin, Qigong, exercise, vitamin D, HbA1c, glycaemic control, randomised controlled trial, insulin resistance, body composition, traditional Chinese exercise