The research, led by Haitham Jahrami of Government Hospitals and the Arabian Gulf University in Bahrain, together with colleagues including Waqar Husain, Khaled Trabelsi, Zahra Saif, Achraf Ammar, Halley M. Pontes, and Amir H. Pakpour, recruited 1,134 Arabic-speaking young adults aged 18 to 25 years through social media platforms. Slightly more than half of the participants, 53.4 percent, were female, and the average age was just over nineteen years. This age band is epidemiologically critical: young adults are among the heaviest gamers globally, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses have repeatedly identified adolescents and young adults as the groups at greatest risk for problematic gaming patterns. The Arab world, with its exceptionally youthful population structure, represents a region where robust screening tools for gaming-related harm are urgently needed.

What makes this study unusual is the sheer breadth of analytical techniques applied to a four-item questionnaire. The Gaming Disorder Test, originally developed by Pontes and colleagues to operationalize the WHO framework of gaming disorder, is deliberately brief, which makes it attractive for large-scale surveys but also means that each item carries enormous psychometric weight. The team therefore combined classical test theory, confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance testing across gender and age groups, Rasch analysis, latent class analysis, and regularized partial-correlation network analysis. Each method interrogates a different property of the scale, and together they provide a far more complete picture than any single approach could deliver.

The classical psychometric results were reassuring. The Arabic version of the test showed a unidimensional structure, meaning that all four items tap a single underlying construct of gaming disorder severity rather than fragmenting into separate subdomains. Internal consistency was acceptable, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .716, McDonald’s omega of .770, and composite reliability of .776. Confirmatory factor analysis produced adequate fit indices, a finding the authors interpret carefully in light of the model’s very low degrees of freedom. With only four indicators loading onto one factor, fit statistics such as the RMSEA are known to behave erratically, sometimes producing misleadingly poor or misleadingly favorable values, so the researchers contextualized their results accordingly rather than overinterpreting a single number.

Perhaps the most consequential finding for future cross-cultural research is that strict measurement invariance held across both gender and age groups. Measurement invariance is the statistical property that allows researchers to meaningfully compare scores between groups: if a scale measures the construct differently in men and women, or in younger and older respondents, then any observed score differences might reflect measurement artifacts rather than genuine differences in symptom severity. Demonstrating invariance at the strictest level, which constrains not only the factor loadings but also the item intercepts and residual variances, means that total scores from the Arabic Gaming Disorder Test can be compared directly across gender and age within this population, opening the door to valid group comparisons in future epidemiological studies.

Rasch analysis added a further layer of rigor grounded in item response theory. This approach models the probability of endorsing each response category as a function of the respondent’s underlying severity and the item’s difficulty, allowing researchers to verify that the items work together as a coherent measuring instrument. The Rasch results indicated adequate item fit and properly ordered response categories, meaning that participants used the response options in a logically consistent way: those with higher severity were more likely to endorse higher response options on each item. This is a nontrivial property that many translated scales fail to demonstrate, and its confirmation here supports the use of the raw total score as a meaningful interval-level measure of symptom severity.

Latent class analysis then shifted the question from measurement to classification, asking whether distinct subgroups of gamers exist within the sample. The analysis identified two severity classes: a lower-severity group comprising 42.2 percent of participants and a higher-severity group comprising 57.8 percent. The relatively large proportion of participants in the higher-severity class is striking, although the authors are careful to note that the test measures self-reported symptom severity rather than providing a clinical diagnosis. The two-class solution suggests that gaming-related harm in this population is not distributed as a smooth continuum alone but may cluster into qualitatively distinct profiles, a finding with potential implications for how screening and intervention efforts are targeted.

Network analysis, an increasingly popular framework in psychopathology research that treats symptoms as interconnected nodes in a causal system rather than reflections of a single latent variable, offered a hypothesis-generating perspective on the internal architecture of the scale. The analysis suggested that items GDT2 and GDT3 carried the highest centrality, meaning they were most strongly connected to the other symptoms in the network. However, with only four nodes, the network is necessarily sparse, and the authors explicitly frame these findings as preliminary and hypothesis-generating rather than definitive. Central symptoms identified in small networks may become targets for future research into which aspects of disordered gaming are most tightly bound to the overall syndrome.

To establish criterion validity, the researchers examined correlations between Gaming Disorder Test scores and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress measured with the DASS-21, a widely used brief instrument. Total scores showed small but statistically significant associations with psychiatric distress symptoms. This pattern is consistent with the broader literature, including meta-analytic work linking internet gaming disorder with depressive symptoms, and with studies showing that gaming-related impairment is meaningfully, if modestly, related to general psychological distress. The modest effect sizes also reinforce an important conceptual point: gaming disorder is not simply a proxy for general distress but a distinct pattern of behavior with its own measurement logic.

The authors conclude that the Arabic Gaming Disorder Test demonstrates sound psychometric properties and cross-group comparability, supporting its use as a screening tool for self-reported gaming disorder symptom severity among Arabic-speaking young adults. They are equally clear about its limits: a brief self-report screen cannot substitute for a structured clinical assessment, and a positive screen should prompt, not replace, a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. With validated versions of the test now available in Chinese, Persian, Spanish, Polish, and other languages, this Arabic translation fills a significant gap for a linguistic community spanning more than twenty countries. For researchers and public health officials across the Arab world, the study provides a psychometrically defensible instrument at precisely the moment when concerns about gaming-related harm among youth are intensifying globally, and it sets a methodological benchmark, combining classical, Rasch, latent class, and network approaches, that future validation studies of brief behavioral addiction measures will be hard-pressed to match.

Subject of Research: Psychometric validation of the Arabic version of the Gaming Disorder Test in Arabic-speaking young adults

Article Title: Translation and Validation of the Gaming Disorder Test in an Online Sample of Arabic-Speaking Young Adults: Evidence from Classical Psychometrics, Rasch Analysis, Latent Class Analysis, and Network Analysis

Article References: Jahrami, H., Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Saif, Z., Ammar, A., Pontes, H. M., & Pakpour, A. H. (2026). Translation and Validation of the Gaming Disorder Test in an Online Sample of Arabic-Speaking Young Adults: Evidence from Classical Psychometrics, Rasch Analysis, Latent Class Analysis, and Network Analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-026-01742-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s11469-026-01742-z

Keywords: gaming disorder, Gaming Disorder Test, psychometrics, Arabic validation, Rasch analysis, latent class analysis, network analysis, measurement invariance, young adults, ICD-11, DASS-21, behavioral addiction