The research team, led by María Vicenta Lucas and Marc Peraire of the Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castellón together with colleagues from Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, carried out a pre-experimental, longitudinal, prospective study over eleven months in the hospital’s Short-Term Hospitalisation Unit. Rather than simulating crises in a laboratory, they observed the ward as it actually functioned, recording every verbal de-escalation performed by nursing staff. In total, the team analyzed 714 de-escalation episodes involving 165 patients, a cohort in which 58.8 percent were male and the average age was 37.64 years. For each episode, the researchers documented the patient’s level of psychomotor agitation, the intervention the nurse chose, and a battery of clinical and sociodemographic variables using purpose-built ad hoc scales.

Psychomotor agitation is a state of excessive motor and verbal activity driven by inner tension, and it is among the most dangerous situations in acute psychiatric care, both for patients and for staff. When verbal strategies fail, clinicians may resort to coercive measures, including mechanical restraint or chemical restraint delivered orally or intramuscularly. International frameworks, including the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, have pushed hospitals worldwide to minimize such measures, making de-escalation not just a clinical preference but an ethical and legal imperative. Yet the decision of when and how to intervene verbally has traditionally rested on individual nurse experience rather than on systematic evidence about which patients are at highest risk.

The statistical analysis revealed striking patterns. Female sex was associated with requiring more verbal de-escalation interventions, with a regression coefficient of 6.34 and a p-value below 0.001, indicating an association that is very unlikely to be due to chance. Patients with affective disorders, such as depression or bipolar disorder, also required more de-escalation attempts, with a coefficient of 1.59, and substance use emerged as the strongest driver of all, with a coefficient of 7.08. In practical terms, this means that a patient admitted with an affective disorder compounded by active substance use, or a woman experiencing acute agitation, is likely to demand substantially more verbal engagement from nursing staff over the course of a hospitalization.

Timing mattered as much as frequency. Female sex was associated with de-escalation episodes occurring later in the admission, with a coefficient of 6.05, while personality disorder and substance use were associated with earlier crises, with coefficients of −8.01 and −3.61 respectively, the latter reaching statistical significance at p = 0.005. This temporal signature carries real operational value for ward management. A patient with a personality disorder or active substance use may need heightened observation and preventive engagement from the very first hours of admission, whereas a female patient’s risk window may open later, suggesting that vigilance should be sustained and adjusted throughout the stay rather than front-loaded.

The study also quantified the risk of escalation to chemical restraint, and here the diagnostic picture diverged sharply. Patients with personality disorders showed a higher likelihood of requiring oral chemical restraint, with an odds ratio of 1.66 and p = 0.026, and a substantially higher likelihood of requiring intramuscular restraint, with an odds ratio of 2.87 and p = 0.016. Intramuscular administration is typically reserved for the most severe agitation, when a patient cannot or will not accept oral medication, so an odds ratio approaching three marks personality disorder as a red flag for the most coercive end of the intervention spectrum. Conversely, patients with affective disorders were less likely to need oral chemical restraint, with an odds ratio of 0.81 and p = 0.001, suggesting that verbal strategies alone are often sufficient for this group.

These results matter because they translate directly into individualized care plans. If a nurse receiving a new admission knows that a particular profile, for instance a patient with a dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance use, is statistically associated with early and frequent agitation, the care team can prioritize rapport-building, environmental adjustments, and early verbal engagement rather than waiting for a crisis. The authors argue that identifying characteristics associated with psychomotor agitation based on sex, diagnosis, and substance use may help prevent or reduce agitation episodes and support nursing staff in designing personalized de-escalation interventions for different patient profiles. In an era when psychiatric units face chronic staffing pressure, such risk stratification offers a way to allocate the scarcest resource, skilled nursing attention, where it will do the most good.

The methodological design deserves attention. As a pre-experimental study, it captures real-world associations without the randomization of a controlled trial, and the researchers themselves frame it as a description of actual clinical experience rather than proof of causation. The ad hoc scales used to record agitation levels and interventions were developed specifically for this setting, and data collection was anonymous, with the protocol approved by the hospital’s Ethics Committee for Drug Research in July 2023 and all participants providing informed consent before discharge. The eleven-month window and the substantial number of de-escalation episodes lend the findings ecological validity that laboratory studies of de-escalation training often lack, though the single-site design means the specific coefficients may vary in hospitals with different patient mixes.

The broader context is a field in transition. De-escalation research has historically focused on training programs and organizational policies, with comparatively little work mapping patient-level predictors of who will need verbal intervention, how much, and when. By quantifying these associations with regression coefficients and odds ratios, the Castellón team has provided a template that other units could replicate, potentially building a body of evidence that turns de-escalation from an art learned through apprenticeship into a data-informed practice. The finding that substance use dominates both the frequency and the early timing of agitation episodes is particularly relevant given rising rates of dual disorders in acute psychiatric admissions across Europe.

For patients, the stakes of this line of research are profound. Every episode of agitation that is defused with words rather than injections or restraint is an episode experienced without the trauma, physical risk, and erosion of trust that coercion can bring. For nurses, the study validates verbal de-escalation as an essential, measurable clinical skill and offers a statistical scaffold for clinical judgment. As the authors conclude, verbal de-escalation is an essential nursing skill required during acute psychiatric hospitalisation, and knowing which patients are most likely to need it, and when, may be the difference between a crisis averted and a crisis managed. The next step will be testing whether care plans built on these risk profiles actually reduce restraint rates, a trial that could change how psychiatric wards around the world greet their most vulnerable admissions.

Subject of Research: Predictors of psychomotor agitation and verbal de-escalation needs in acute psychiatric inpatient care

Article Title: Identification of characteristics associated with psychomotor agitation for individualised nursing interventions in acute psychiatric care settings: a real world experience

Article References: Identification of characteristics associated with psychomotor agitation for individualised nursing interventions in acute psychiatric care settings: a real world experience. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-026-05429-7

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12912-026-05429-7

Keywords: psychomotor agitation, verbal de-escalation, psychiatric nursing, chemical restraint, personality disorder, affective disorder, substance use, dual disorders, acute psychiatric care, individualized interventions, BMC Nursing, Spain

The research, conducted by Meryem Fırat and Buse Nur Gedik of the Department of Psychiatric Nursing at Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University together with Papatya Karakurt of the Department of Fundamental Nursing, was published in BMC Psychiatry. The team recruited 104 patients attending a Community Mental Health Center, a setting that serves people living with severe psychiatric conditions in the community rather than in hospital wards. All participants completed a sociodemographic data form along with three standardized instruments: the Stages of Recovery Instrument-30, known as STORI-30; the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, or ISMI; and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, abbreviated as MAAS. The researchers then analyzed the data using percentage distributions, mean scores, Pearson correlation analysis, and one-way analysis of variance, a statistical technique that tests whether average scores differ across multiple groups.

The STORI-30 is grounded in a widely cited stage model of recovery developed from the firsthand accounts of people living with serious mental illness. In this model, recovery unfolds through five stages. The first, Moratorium, is a period of withdrawal and despair in which the person feels overwhelmed by loss and uncertainty. Awareness follows, when the individual begins to sense that a life beyond illness might be possible. Preparation marks the stage of tentative experimentation, as people start taking small steps toward their goals. Rebuilding involves active work to construct a positive identity and reengage with valued roles. Finally, Growth represents a mature stage in which the person has integrated the experience of illness into a renewed sense of self and looks forward with confidence. The instrument asks respondents to rate statements describing thoughts and feelings characteristic of each stage, allowing researchers to profile where a person sits along this trajectory.

In the new study, the mean scores for the five stages painted a picture of a sample that was, on average, oriented toward the later phases of recovery. Moratorium scored lowest, at 9.48 with a standard deviation of 6.84, followed by Awareness at 13.25, Preparation at 13.49, Rebuilding at 14.84, and Growth at 14.99. Growth was also the largest single stage group, accounting for 28.8 percent of participants. This distribution matters because the community mental health center model is explicitly designed to foster exactly this kind of forward movement, offering structured support, social contact, and rehabilitation activities outside the hospital. The scores suggest that many of the patients in this sample were not merely stabilizing but actively rebuilding their lives.

Against that backdrop, the stigma findings stand out. The mean total score on the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale was 77.74 with a standard deviation of 14.14, a level indicating a meaningful degree of self-stigma in the sample overall. Yet when the researchers compared stigma scores across the recovery-stage groups, they found a statistically significant difference, with an F statistic of 11.917 and a p value below .001. The pattern was clear and clinically intuitive: internalized stigma was highest among those in the earliest stage of recovery and lowest among those in the most advanced stages. Correlation analysis reinforced the same story. Stigma scores were positively correlated with Moratorium, the stage of withdrawal and despair, and negatively correlated with Rebuilding and Growth, the stages in which people actively reconstruct their identities and futures.

The direction of this relationship is one of the study’s most thought-provoking aspects, and the authors are careful not to overclaim causation from a cross-sectional design. It is plausible that internalized stigma acts as a brake on recovery, keeping people trapped in the shame and social withdrawal that define the Moratorium stage. It is equally plausible, however, that as people progress through recovery, gaining roles, relationships, and a renewed sense of agency, they naturally shed the internalized stereotypes that once defined them. Most likely, the relationship is bidirectional: stigma impedes progress, and progress erodes stigma. What the data do establish is that stigma is not a fixed trait but a dynamic one, tightly linked to where a person stands in the recovery process, and that it deserves attention at every point along the way.

The mindfulness results tell a different and more surprising story. The mean score on the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale was 50.80 with a standard deviation of 12.74, but unlike stigma, mindfulness did not differ significantly across recovery stages, with an F statistic of 1.377 and a p value of .247. Correlation analysis confirmed the null finding: mindfulness was not significantly associated with any stage of recovery. For a field that has invested heavily in mindfulness-based interventions for psychosis and mood disorders, this is a notable result. It suggests that trait mindfulness, at least as measured by this instrument, may be relatively stable across individuals regardless of their recovery position, and that it may not be the stage-sensitive variable that stigma is. The finding does not diminish the potential value of mindfulness training, but it does caution against assuming that mindful attention automatically deepens as people recover, or that it maps neatly onto the recovery trajectory.

The methodological context deserves attention when weighing these results. The study was descriptive and correlational, capturing a single moment in time for a modest sample of 104 people drawn from one community mental health center in Erzincan, Turkey. Cross-sectional designs cannot establish whether stigma falls because recovery advances or vice versa, and the stage model itself, while clinically rich, relies on self-reported agreement with stage-characteristic statements. The researchers also note that the study received no specific grant funding and that the authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Health Sciences in August 2022, and all participants gave written informed consent, with procedures conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Even with those limitations, the clinical implications are concrete. The authors conclude that integrating recovery-oriented and stigma-sensitive approaches into psychiatric nursing care may help support patients through the recovery process. In practice, that means screening for internalized stigma rather than assuming it will resolve on its own, tailoring interventions to the patient’s current recovery stage, and recognizing that people in the Moratorium stage may need intensive help with shame and social reconnection before they can engage with rehabilitation goals. Peer support programs, psychoeducation that directly addresses self-stigma, and narrative approaches that help people reframe their illness experiences all become more targeted when clinicians know that stigma is concentrated in the early stages of the journey.

The study also carries a broader message about how mental health systems measure success. Recovery, in the modern sense, is not simply the absence of symptoms but the presence of hope, identity, and a meaningful life, and the instruments used here, STORI-30, ISMI, and MAAS, give clinicians and researchers a vocabulary for tracking those dimensions. The finding that the largest group of patients at this center had reached the Growth stage offers an encouraging counterpoint to fatalistic views of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. At the same time, the persistence of substantial internalized stigma in the sample, averaging above 77 points on a scale where higher scores reflect greater self-stigma, is a reminder that the social environment surrounding people with mental illness shapes their inner lives in ways that medication alone cannot touch. As community mental health services expand worldwide, this research suggests that the fight against stigma, both external and internalized, belongs at the center of recovery-oriented care, stage by stage, patient by patient.

Subject of Research: Internalized stigma, mindfulness, and recovery stages in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Article Title: Internalized stigma and mindfulness in the context of recovery stages in schizophrenia and bipolar patients: a cross-sectional study

Article References: Fırat, M., Gedik, B. N., & Karakurt, P. (2026). Internalized stigma and mindfulness in the context of recovery stages in schizophrenia and bipolar patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-08692-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12888-026-08692-9

Keywords: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, internalized stigma, mindfulness, recovery stages, STORI-30, ISMI, MAAS, psychiatric nursing, community mental health, self-stigma, cross-sectional study

Yushan Wei and Lien-Chung Wei, both of the Taoyuan Psychiatric Center in Taiwan, published the correspondence on 30 September 2026, drawing on frontline psychiatric nursing experience and a review of the emerging literature on ambient documentation. Their argument is deceptively simple. In psychiatry, the clinical record is not merely an administrative byproduct of care; it is itself a clinical instrument. Nurses on inpatient psychiatric units observe patients continuously across shifts, in moments when no physician is present, and those observations—sleep patterns, appetite, social withdrawal, agitation, subtle changes in speech or self-care—are often the earliest signals of deterioration, relapse, or risk. If ambient AI systems are designed, as they currently are, around the doctor-patient consultation as the canonical unit of documentation, they may systematically filter out exactly the information that psychiatric nursing contributes.

The technical architecture of ambient scribes helps explain the concern. These systems typically capture audio during a scheduled clinical encounter, apply automatic speech recognition, and then use large language models to organize the transcript into a structured note: history, examination, assessment, plan. The template is inherited from physician documentation norms, and the summarization step is trained to prioritize what a physician would conventionally record. A nurse’s longitudinal observations do not arrive as a discrete encounter with a clean audio capture. They accumulate across a shift, embedded in handover conversations, charting snippets, and informal exchanges. There is no microphone positioned to capture them, and even if there were, a summarization model optimized for consultation structure would have no obvious slot in which to place them.

The authors point to recent studies that have documented both the promise and the blind spots of these tools. A 2026 qualitative study in the same journal explored ambient AI for inpatient documentation with junior doctors and found enthusiasm for reduced administrative burden, but its focus remained squarely on physician workflows. Meanwhile, a study published in JMIR Nursing examined a nurse-led ambient AI scribe applied to patient safety incident investigation reports and found measurable improvements in document quality, suggesting that nurses can benefit from the technology when it is deliberately adapted to their tasks. A JAMA Psychiatry study of AI scribe use in psychiatric documentation in primary care likewise demonstrated feasibility in mental health settings. Yet, the correspondence argues, none of these lines of work addresses the specific epistemic role of inpatient psychiatric nursing observation, which is continuous rather than episodic and behavioral rather than dialogic.

This gap is not a minor design quirk. Prior research on nursing documentation has shown that poor or incomplete records are a genuine patient safety issue. A 2021 analysis in Frontiers in Computer Science identified barriers that healthcare professionals and students face in documenting nursing care, including time pressure, unclear standards, and electronic systems that were not built with nursing workflows in mind. The risk identified by Wei and Wei is that ambient AI could compound these barriers invisibly. A handwritten or free-text nursing note, however imperfect, at least exists as a space where observation can be recorded. If an AI-generated note becomes the dominant record and its template has no place for behavioral observation, the omission happens upstream, before any human decides what to write.

There is also a subtler danger: the illusion of completeness. Large language model summaries are fluent, well-organized, and confident in tone, which can make a note that omits nursing observations appear comprehensive rather than partial. Clinicians reading a polished AI-generated record may assume that everything salient has been captured, and may be less likely to consult separate nursing notes or to ask ward staff directly. In psychiatric care, where decisions about observation levels, leave privileges, and medication changes often hinge on nursing input, this smoothing effect could have concrete clinical consequences. The correspondence frames this as a problem of preservation: the goal is not to reject ambient AI but to ensure that the specific knowledge nurses produce survives the transition to automated documentation.

What would preservation look like in practice? The authors propose evaluation methods rather than a finished technical solution, reflecting the correspondence format. Ambient systems deployed on psychiatric wards should be explicitly tested for whether nursing observations are retained in the generated record, not just whether physician documentation improves. That means evaluation datasets and checklists that include nursing-specific content: sleep and activity patterns, eating behavior, medication adherence observed on the ward, social interaction, signs of agitation or withdrawal, and responses to nursing interventions. It also means involving psychiatric nurses in the design of templates and summarization prompts, so that the output schema has dedicated space for longitudinal behavioral observation rather than forcing everything into a consultation-shaped container.

The technical challenges are real but not insurmountable. Speech recognition on a noisy ward raises privacy and consent questions that are sharper in psychiatry than elsewhere, since patients may be acutely unwell and their capacity to consent to continuous recording may fluctuate. Audio capture of informal ward interactions would be legally and ethically fraught in most jurisdictions. A more realistic path may be hybrid: ambient AI handles the structured consultation note, while nurses use voice-dictated or AI-assisted entry modes tailored to observation charting, with the two streams merged into a single patient record that visibly distinguishes their sources. The nurse-led incident reporting study suggests that when the task is defined around nursing work, the technology can deliver quality gains; the lesson is that task definition, not the model, is the binding constraint.

The correspondence also arrives at a moment of institutional reckoning about AI in clinical records. The authors themselves disclose that OpenAI Codex was used for literature discovery, drafting, and revision of their manuscript, with both authors reviewing and taking responsibility for the final text—a transparency practice that mirrors the disclosure norms now expected of AI scribes in clinical settings. That symmetry is fitting. The central question they raise about psychiatric documentation is ultimately a question about any AI-mediated record: who decides what counts as clinically salient, and can the professions whose knowledge is least template-friendly push back before the defaults harden?

For psychiatric nursing, the stakes are unusually high because observation is the profession’s core diagnostic contribution. A patient who has stopped eating, a sudden shift from withdrawal to uncharacteristic cheerfulness that can precede a suicide attempt, the early tremor and restlessness of medication side effects—these are detected by nurses who spend hours with patients, not by a microphone that switches on when the psychiatrist enters the room. Wei and Wei’s intervention is a warning delivered early enough to matter: ambient AI on psychiatric wards should be evaluated not only by how well it writes what doctors say, but by whether it preserves what nurses see. If the technology is adapted with that standard in mind, it could lighten the documentation load across the whole multidisciplinary team. If it is not, hospitals may gain efficiency while quietly losing one of the oldest and most valuable instruments in mental health care: the trained, continuous, human eye of the ward nurse.

Subject of Research: Ambient AI clinical documentation and nursing observations in psychiatric inpatient care

Article Title: Preserving Nursing Observations in Ambient AI Documentation on Psychiatric Wards

Article References: Wei, Y., & Wei, L.-C. (2026). Preserving Nursing Observations in Ambient AI Documentation on Psychiatric Wards. Journal of Medical Systems, 50(1), Article 139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02467-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s10916-026-02467-1

Keywords: ambient AI, AI scribes, psychiatric nursing, clinical documentation, nursing observations, electronic health records, patient safety, large language models, mental health care, health informatics, documentation quality, Journal of Medical Systems

Psychiatric nursing presents a distinctive set of challenges. Patients frequently experience impaired communication, emotional dysregulation, social isolation, and stigma, and establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship can be slow and difficult. Nurses in these settings rely heavily on empathy, therapeutic communication, and emotional presence, yet the demanding nature of the work exposes them to burnout, emotional exhaustion, and reduced job satisfaction when those emotional resources run dry. Previous research has hinted that aesthetics-based care, which draws on sensory experience, creativity, and reflective practice, correlates with higher levels of compassion, but rigorous educational trials in psychiatric settings have been scarce.

To address that gap, the research team recruited 90 registered nurses from a hospital workforce of roughly 170, all of whom held a bachelor’s degree or higher, had at least six months of psychiatric experience, and consented to participate. Participants were assigned to intervention or control groups of 45 each using a lottery-based allocation. Because blinding was impossible in an educational trial, the study was designed and reported as a quasi-experiment under the TREND reporting guidelines. Data were collected between June 2024 and March 2025, and remarkably, every participant completed the full study, giving a 100 percent response rate with no missing outcome data.

The intervention itself was deliberately experiential. Two nursing faculty members specializing in psychiatric nursing and aesthetics delivered four structured weekly sessions. The first introduced the concepts and theoretical foundations of aesthetics-based nursing care, tracing its history as the art of nursing. The second explored the psychological and spiritual dimensions of care, asking nurses to consider how touch, tone of voice, gestures, and deliberate word choice shape the patient experience. The third focused on empathy, therapeutic companionship, and creativity in solving clinical problems. The fourth summarized the links between aesthetics, job satisfaction, communication, and professional motivation. Between sessions, nurses in small groups of five completed reflective assignments and shared their own lived experiences of aesthetic care.

The researchers measured outcomes using two validated instruments. The Aesthetics of Nursing Care Scale, recently validated in Iran, spans 20 items across five dimensions: compassionate commitment and competence, stress-free care, humanistic attention to the patient, patient satisfaction and comfort, and admirable commitment and competence. The Compassion Competence Scale, developed by Lee and Seomun, assesses 17 items across communication, sensitivity, and insight. Both tools showed strong internal consistency in this sample. Questionnaires were completed before the intervention and again one month after the program ended, an interval chosen specifically to test short-term retention and real-world application rather than immediate post-training enthusiasm.

The results were dramatic. The overall aesthetic care score in the intervention group rose from a baseline of 43.26 to 81.02, while the control group remained essentially flat, moving only from 43.80 to 46.24 over the same period. Every one of the five aesthetic care dimensions improved significantly in the trained group, with between-group effect sizes ranging from roughly 2.0 to 4.1 on Cohen’s d, far beyond the conventional threshold of 0.8 for a large effect. The control group showed no statistically significant change on any measure. To ensure ethical fairness, the control nurses were offered an abbreviated version of the workshop after data collection concluded.

Compassion competence followed the same pattern. Total scores climbed from 40.80 to 60.73 in the intervention group while the control group rose only from 39.35 to 40.71. Communication subscale scores increased to 25.91 versus 18.17 in controls, sensitivity scores to 19.46 versus 12.28, and insight scores to 15.35 versus 10.24. The between-group effect sizes for compassion outcomes ranged from 1.26 to 1.68, again indicating substantial educational impact. No adverse events related to the training were reported during the study period.

The authors attribute these gains to the reflective and participatory character of the program. Group discussion, scenario-based learning, and the sharing of lived clinical experiences appear to encourage nurses to examine the emotional and interpersonal texture of their work, heightening self-awareness and sensitivity to patients’ needs. This aligns with prior qualitative work showing that aesthetic experience fosters more humane, empathetic connections with patients and helps convert intuitive understanding into artistic, attentive behavior. Importantly, the study suggests that compassion competence, often treated as a fixed personal quality, can be cultivated through structured education, potentially protecting nurses against the emotional labor and burnout that accumulate in psychiatric environments.

The implications extend to nursing curricula, orientation programs, and continuing professional development. Healthcare managers and educators may find that embedding aesthetics-based education into routine staff development strengthens therapeutic relationships, improves patient experiences, and nurtures a more humanistic care culture, particularly in mental health settings where trust and communication are central to recovery.

The researchers caution that the evidence has limits. The study took place at a single hospital, follow-up lasted only one month, and all outcomes were self-reported, leaving room for social desirability bias and expectancy effects, while the absence of blinding and the possibility of a Hawthorne effect cannot be excluded. Patient-centered outcomes such as satisfaction, therapeutic alliance, and clinical recovery were not measured. Larger multicenter trials with longer follow-up, objective measures, and patient-reported endpoints are needed. Even so, the scale of improvement in this trial makes a compelling case that the art of nursing, long celebrated in theory, can be systematically taught and meaningfully improved in the clinic.

Subject of Research: Aesthetics-based educational intervention to improve compassion competence and aesthetic care quality among psychiatric nurses.

Article Title: Effects of an Aesthetics‐Based Educational Intervention on Compassion Competence and Aesthetic Care Quality Among Psychiatric Nurses: A Quasi‐Experimental Study

Article References: Balideh, D., Farokhzadian, J., Miri, S., Shahraki, S. K., & Motamed‐Jahromi, M. (2026). Effects of an Aesthetics‐Based Educational Intervention on Compassion Competence and Aesthetic Care Quality Among Psychiatric Nurses: A Quasi‐Experimental Study. Nursing Open, 13(9), Article e70854. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.70854

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1002/nop2.70854

Keywords: psychiatric nursing, compassion competence, aesthetic care, nursing education, quasi-experimental study, therapeutic communication, nurse burnout, reflective learning, mental health care, Iran, humanistic care, continuing education