Acylation is a diverse class of post-translational modification in which metabolites act as chemical donors that alter proteins. Beyond the canonical form of acetylation, emerging acylation marks are dynamically controlled by the availability of acyl donors and by “writer,” “eraser” and “reader” systems. The authors describe these systems as regulatory networks that can reshape chromatin, metabolism, protein stability and localization, cytoskeletal dynamics and immune responses.

The review integrates the chemistry and enzymatic control of major protein acylations with their roles across metabolic, epigenetic, signaling and tumor-immune networks. In this framework, acylation is not presented as one isolated pathway. Instead, it connects changing metabolic states with protein function and signaling, providing a possible basis for the adaptability and plasticity seen in cancer cells under stress.

The scope is a synthesis of existing evidence rather than a report of a new clinical trial or a demonstration of a precision treatment. Translational applications remain an important part of the review, but they are not presented as established clinical outcomes. The authors examine whether acylation patterns could support biomarkers or patient stratification and discuss pharmacological targeting and mechanism-guided combination strategies.

Major obstacles include the specificity of protein modifications and the need for clinical validation.

Subject of Research: Protein acylation in cancer metabolism, tumor plasticity and therapeutic response

Article Title: Protein acylation in cancer: from regulatory networks to precision therapeutics

Article References: Wei, Z., Ma, C., Gao, J., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., Ma, D., Liu, W., & Xing, X. (2026). Protein acylation in cancer: from regulatory networks to precision therapeutics. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-026-03857-6

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s13046-026-03857-6

Keywords: protein acylation, cancer metabolism, post-translational modification, tumor plasticity, therapeutic resistance, biomarkers, precision oncology, epigenetic regulation, tumor immunity, drug targeting, Protein, acylation