V. triloba was diploid, whereas V. sublobata was tetraploid. The researchers also identified morphological characters that can distinguish the species without relying on ploidy alone. V. triloba could be identified by a low pedicel-to-calyx length ratio, below 1.59.

V. sublobata had a longer ratio and could be distinguished more consistently from V. hederifolia by scattered hairs around the pedicel and shorter hairs on the calyx. These structural features allowed the three Central European species to be differentiated reliably using the combined evidence. Leaf characters, by contrast, were strongly influenced by light and therefore were not considered diagnostic at the species level.

The growth experiment examined plants under differing combinations of light and water availability, allowing the researchers to assess how environmental conditions affected their appearance. The results showed that leaf form was highly sensitive to light, while the pedicel-to-calyx ratio and the distribution and length of hairs supplied more dependable traits for identification. The findings therefore favor reproductive-structure measurements and hair characters over leaf shape when separating these Central European species.

The study also reported the first triploid plant found in the group and noted that such hybrids appear to be rare. The results apply most directly to the Central European material examined. The authors emphasized that phylogenetic and morphological variation within the wider group has not yet been analyzed sufficiently across the Mediterranean.

More intensive investigation is therefore needed to determine how species relationships and diagnostic characters vary across the full geographic range. Within its stated Central European scope, however, the study provides a practical framework for identifying the three recognized species and shows that chromosome state, floral measurements and hair morphology can be used together to resolve their boundaries.

Subject of Research: Species delimitation in the Central European Veronica hederifolia polyploid complex

Article Title: Species limits in Veronica hederifolia and relatives: experimental, morphometric, and phylogenetic approaches in a weedy polyploid complex

Article References: Albach, D. C., & Kúr, P. (2026). Species limits in Veronica hederifolia and relatives: experimental, morphometric, and phylogenetic approaches in a weedy polyploid complex. BMC Plant Biology, 26(1), Article 1819. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10212-6

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12870-026-10212-6

Keywords: Veronica hederifolia, plant taxonomy, species delimitation, polyploidy, ploidy analysis, morphometrics, phylogenetics, DNA sequencing, growth experiment, Species, limits, Veronica

The technique at the heart of the study is gynogenesis, the induction of embryo development from the female gametophyte without fertilization. When an unfertilized ovary is cultured on the right medium, the egg cell or an adjacent cell can be triggered to divide and form an embryo that carries only a single set of chromosomes. Such haploid plants are genetic blanks: every gene is present in just one copy. If breeders then double the chromosomes chemically, they obtain instantly homozygous, fully inbred lines in a single generation, a shortcut that in traditional breeding would demand six or more generations of selfing and selection. In speed-breeding programmes, gynogenesis is regarded as one of the fastest routes to haploid production, which is precisely why the IARI team focused on it.

Marigold, however, has been a reluctant participant. Earlier attempts in the same laboratory and elsewhere relied on androgenesis, culturing anthers or microspores to recover haploids from the male side, and on indirect gynogenesis, in which ovary explants first form callus that must then be coaxed to regenerate shoots. Indirect pathways carry a well-known penalty: callus phases introduce somaclonal variation, chromosome instability and genotype-dependent losses, so the plants that finally emerge are not always faithful copies of the mother line. The goal of the new work, published in the Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, was to eliminate the callus stage altogether and regenerate haploid plantlets directly from cultured ovaries, something the authors describe as a first for this species.

The researchers worked with two hybrid genotypes of African marigold, DAMH-24 and DAMH-55, and systematically varied the two most influential levers in ovary culture: the hormonal composition of the medium and the stress pre-treatment applied to the buds before they entered culture. Unpollinated flower buds were excised and their ovaries placed on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with the urea-derived cytokinin thidiazuron (TDZ) at five concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.50 mg per litre, combined with the auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at either 0.20 or 0.50 mg per litre. TDZ is a potent morphoregulatory compound that mimics and often outperforms natural cytokinins, promoting cell division and organogenesis at remarkably low doses, which made it a logical candidate for triggering embryo-like divisions in the female gametophyte.

The second lever was cold shock. Before culturing, batches of buds were held at 4 degrees Celsius or 9 degrees Celsius for 0, 3, 7 or 10 days. Low-temperature pre-treatments are widely used in haploid induction because chilling appears to reprogramme gametophytic cells toward an embryogenic fate, partly by suspending normal developmental progression and partly by modulating stress-signalling pathways. In crops as diverse as sugar beet, onion, cucumber and cauliflower, cold pre-treatment has repeatedly improved the frequency of gynogenic or androgenic recovery, and the marigold study confirmed that the same principle applies on the female side of this ornamental species.

The winning combination was unambiguous. Ovaries of genotype DAMH-24 that were chilled at 4 degrees Celsius for seven days and then cultured on medium containing 0.75 mg per litre TDZ together with 0.20 mg per litre NAA produced the highest frequency of direct regeneration. In other words, the optimal recipe paired a moderate, sustained cold stress with a mid-range cytokinin dose and a low auxin level, a balance that appears to push the egg cell into division without diverting the explant into callus. Genotype mattered as well, a familiar theme in haploid work: responsiveness to gynogenesis is strongly heritable and varies dramatically between lines, which is why the two marigold hybrids were compared side by side from the outset.

Recovering plantlets is only half the battle; proving that they are genuinely haploid is the other half. The team deployed a three-tier verification strategy that is becoming standard in doubled-haploid research. First, stomatal guard cells were examined for chloroplast number, a rapid cytological proxy: albino or yellowish-green plantlets carried only 3 to 7 chloroplasts per guard cell, whereas vigorous green plantlets carried 10 to 14. Second, root-tip chromosome counts confirmed the division: putative haploids showed 2n = x = 12 chromosomes, exactly half the diploid complement of 2n = 2x = 24. Third, flow cytometry measured nuclear DNA content, with haploids displaying a 1 C value corresponding to a mean peak index of roughly 65 K, while diploids registered a 2 C value near 129 K. The concordance of all three markers left little doubt about the ploidy of each class of regenerant.

The yield, while modest, is a genuine proof of concept. Out of 77 plants regenerated directly from cultured ovaries, the researchers randomly selected 30 for ploidy analysis and confirmed that 4 of them, or 13.33 percent, were true haploids. The remainder were diploids, which in ovary culture can arise either from spontaneous chromosome doubling during early embryo development or from the accidental inclusion of maternal somatic tissue in the regenerative event. The authors are candid that the haploid frequency remains low and that the protocol will need further refinement before it becomes a routine breeding tool, but the decisive point is that haploid plants were recovered through a direct, callus-free pathway, avoiding the genetic noise that indirect regeneration introduces.

Importantly, the team did not attempt chromosome doubling in this study. The confirmed haploid plants are being maintained in vitro at ICAR-IARI, and diploidisation to create homozygous parental lines for F1 hybrid development is planned as the next stage of the programme. That step will typically involve treating haploid plantlets or their explants with a mitotic inhibitor such as colchicine, allowing the single chromosome set to replicate without cell division and thereby producing fully homozygous doubled haploids. Once achieved, those lines could serve as stable, uniform parents for hybrid marigold seed production, compressing years of pedigree inbreeding into a single laboratory cycle.

The broader significance of the work extends beyond one flower. Doubled-haploid technology has transformed breeding in wheat, barley, rapeseed and many vegetables, but ornamental crops have lagged behind, partly because their reproductive biology resists the standard anther- and microspore-culture toolkits. By demonstrating direct gynogenesis in African marigold, and by defining the cold-shock and hormonal parameters that make it work, the IARI group has added a valuable entry to a growing list of gynogenic systems in species such as onion, sugar beet, cucumber, cassava and chrysanthemum. For a crop whose petals colour everything from egg yolks to industrial lutein extracts, a faster route to pure parental lines is not merely a laboratory curiosity; it is a potential accelerant for an entire industry. The bottleneck in marigold hybrid breeding has not been eliminated, but for the first time it has been clearly broken open.

Subject of Research: Direct haploid plant regeneration via in vitro gynogenesis in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) for accelerated hybrid breeding

Article Title: Breaking the Bottleneck in African Marigold (Tagetes Erecta L.) Hybrid Breeding: Direct Haploid Regeneration via Gynogenesis

Article References: Arzoo, E., Bhatia, R., Dubey, K., Singh, K. P., Panwar, S., Talukdar, A., Singh, B., & Rao, M. (2026). Breaking the Bottleneck in African Marigold (Tagetes Erecta L.) Hybrid Breeding: Direct Haploid Regeneration via Gynogenesis. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44489-026-00055-8

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s44489-026-00055-8

Keywords: African marigold, Tagetes erecta, gynogenesis, haploid, doubled haploid, thidiazuron, cold shock pre-treatment, ovary culture, ploidy analysis, F1 hybrid breeding, plant tissue culture, ICAR-IARI