The stakes of this archival detective work are higher than they might appear. French solar observations form the primary data source covering the Maunder Minimum, the period from roughly 1645 to 1715 when sunspots became vanishingly rare and Europe shivered through what climatologists call the Little Ice Age. In the 1990s, the astronomer Elisabeth Nesme-Ribes extensively analyzed the Parisian Observatory archives and published a series of influential reconstructions. Tragically, the solar data she compiled have since been lost; only a single figure of average sunspot latitudes survives. That loss made a fresh, independent reduction of the original documents not merely desirable but essential, and the new study delivers exactly that, digitizing measurements that had previously existed only in ink on paper.

The technical challenge of converting seventeenth- and eighteenth-century observations into modern solar coordinates is formidable. La Hire did not simply note that a spot existed; he measured the times at which spots crossed the solar meridian, recorded angular distances from the disk’s limbs, and drew the spots in engravings that captured their shapes and relative positions. To transform these numbers into latitudes and longitudes, the researchers needed the angular size of the solar disk on every observing day, which changes through the year as Earth moves along its elliptical orbit. They interpolated routine meridian measurements published posthumously by Le Monnier in 1741, recovering disk diameters to within a few arcseconds for dates spanning the entire eight-year window. Combining transit timings with these disk sizes, they traced each sunspot’s path across the visible hemisphere and computed daily heliographic coordinates for every individual spot and group.

The reconstruction demanded careful correction of errors scattered through the historical record. The researchers found typos in dates, mislabeled authorship, and arithmetic slips in both the journals and the printed Mémoires. On 31 May 1703, for example, La Hire made an error in a sunspot transit measurement that could only be resolved by consulting his own journal. On 26 June of that year, an engraving appears to have been accidentally reversed and flipped compared with the other drawings, a conclusion supported by the relative positions of the umbrae and by agreement with a drawing by Giovanni Domenico Cassini. On 2 January 1707, a measurement taken seven minutes after noon required a positional correction of about 3.6 degrees toward the solar Equator. Each such fix, the authors note, matters when the goal is a machine-readable catalogue that modern solar physicists can trust.

The Parisian records also proved decisive in resolving puzzles among contemporary observers across Europe. The reconstructed positions resolved an inconsistency in the observations of Johannes Hoffmann and showed that the observer Müller was using a different type of telescope, a finding that changes how his measurements should be interpreted. The team cross-checked La Hire’s data against records from the Kirch family, Hoffmann, Eimmart, Müller, Becker, Hertel, Sturm, Wideburg, Manfredi, and Derham, weaving a continental network of observations into a coherent whole. In one striking episode from January 1704, Giacomo Filippo Maraldi reported two widely separated sunspot groups on the same day, remarking that it had been a long time since such widely separated spots had been seen together, a vivid reminder of how unusual even modest solar activity had become during those years.

Among the technical fruits of the study is a new estimate of the Sun’s sidereal differential rotation during this quiet epoch. For a synodic rotation period of 27.5 days, the sidereal rotation rate works out to 14.08 degrees per day, slightly slower than the 14.18 degrees per day of the modern Carrington frame that serves as the standard reference for solar rotation today. The researchers derived rotation rates from pairs of measurements separated by hours, days, and full disk passages, tabulating them for individual spots and groups. The persistence of Joy’s law, the well-known tendency of sunspot groups to tilt with their leading spots closer to the Equator than their trailing spots, was also verified in these ancient data, suggesting that the underlying dynamics of magnetic flux emergence were operating much as they do now, even at the tail end of a grand minimum.

The time-latitude diagram constructed from the new catalogue, a butterfly-like plot showing where spots appear as the solar cycle progresses, is consistent with the previously available results from the analyses of the Parisian observations, including Nesme-Ribes’s surviving figure of average latitudes. This agreement is reassuring on two fronts: it validates the lost reconstructions of the 1990s and confirms that the new, independently derived dataset can safely replace them. The researchers also documented the Wilson effect in an unexpected place, noting that on 3 June 1703 La Hire observed a sunspot at the very edge of the disk appearing as a small depression in the limb, a phenomenon now understood to arise because spots are shallow structures rather than flat markings on a perfect sphere.

The day-to-day texture of the observations brings the era to life. La Hire frequently worked with telescopes of 16 feet and longer, switching instruments depending on conditions; on 18 January 1704 he could not discern a spot with a 3-foot tube but saw it clearly with a 16-foot one, likely because of poor contrast near the limb. Clouds, fog, and haze repeatedly interrupted the observing campaigns, and the journals candidly record blank Suns, vanished spots, and rare double appearances. In October 1705, two sunspot groups were seen simultaneously, an event the observers flagged as a rarity, and in November 1707 Cassini marveled that a spot had appeared in the northern hemisphere at a latitude of about 13 degrees, an occurrence he called extraordinary. Such details, once mere color, now feed quantitative reconstructions of the solar cycle’s recovery from its deepest recorded lull.

All of the reconstructed sunspot parameters, including daily latitudes, longitudes, areas, and counts, are provided in electronic supplementary materials accompanying the paper, giving modelers of the solar dynamo a fresh, high-resolution window onto the Sun’s behavior as it emerged from the Maunder Minimum. Understanding how the cycle recovered from that grand minimum is not just an exercise in historical astronomy; it informs how scientists assess the Sun’s capacity for prolonged lulls in activity and what such lulls might mean for climate and space weather on timescales of centuries. La Hire, sketching spots with quill and micrometer in the fog above Paris, could not have imagined that his notebooks would one day anchor twenty-first-century dynamo simulations. Three hundred years on, his patience is paying scientific dividends once again.

Subject of Research: Reconstruction of sunspot positions, areas, and counts from Philippe de La Hire's observations at the Paris Observatory during 1703 to 1710, in the late Maunder Minimum.

Article Title: Sunspot Observations by Philippe de La Hire from 1703 to 1710

Article References: Zolotova, N., & Vokhmyanin, M. (2026). Sunspot Observations by Philippe de La Hire from 1703 to 1710. Solar Physics, 301(9), Article 133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-026-02719-w

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s11207-026-02719-w

Keywords: sunspots, Maunder Minimum, solar cycle, solar physics, Philippe de La Hire, Paris Observatory, solar rotation, Joy's law, historical astronomy, sunspot records, solar dynamo, space climate