In a study of Swiss adults, women and people who spent more time with a pet or another animal they might feel close to reported feeling more attached to the animal and receiving more socio-emotional support from it. However, the study found little evidence for links between pet ownership and participants’ overall wellbeing. Rahel Marti of the University of Basel, Switzerland, and colleagues present these findings in the open access journal PLOS One on July 29, 2026.

Despite the widespread assumption that pet ownership benefits owners’ health, research on this possibility is inconclusive. Prior evidence suggests that links between health and pet ownership may involve interactions between many factors, such as animal species, owners’ sociodemographic characteristics, and particulars of the human-animal relationship.

However, few studies have examined all of these factors at once. To address that gap, Marti and colleagues analyzed survey data from 2,328 Swiss adults. They investigated whether factors such as pet ownership, regular animal contact, and attachment to an animal were statistically linked to aspects of wellbeing, such as physical health, social support, and loneliness. They also examined links between participants’ demographic characteristics and their relationships with animals.

The analysis revealed some demographic links; for instance, women, participants who spent more time with an animal, and those interacting with dogs tended to feel more attached to the animal and more socio-emotionally supported by it.

The researchers found no overarching association between participants’ health and pet ownership or regular animal contact. However, some links emerged. For instance, pet owners tended to report being less healthy and smoking cigarettes slightly more often than non-owners. Participants who felt more supported by an animal reported lower psychological wellbeing and more loneliness. Participants who spent more time with an animal reported higher psychological wellbeing and more frequent smoking.

This study does not confirm any cause-effect relationship. For example, the authors note that while it is possible pet ownership leads to worse health, it is also possible that unhealthier Swiss are more likely to obtain pets.

As this is a cross-sectional survey conducted in only one country, future research could address some of this study’s limitations, such as by including objective data and participants from other countries.

The authors add: “Our findings suggest that simply owning a pet is not associated with better health or well-being. Instead, we found that the relationship people have with their animals is much more nuanced than a simple yes-or-no question of pet ownership. Two people may both own a dog, but their relationships with that dog can be very different. Our findings suggest that understanding these differences may be more informative than simply comparing pet owners with non-pet owners.”

“Rather than asking whether someone owns a pet, future research should consider how people interact with their animals and what role the animal plays in their lives. What appeared to matter in some cases was not pet ownership itself, but whether people experienced their animal as a source of socio-emotional support and how much time they spent together.”

“The inconsistent findings reported in previous studies may partly reflect the fact that pet ownership is often treated as a simple yes-or-no variable. Our results suggest that pet ownership is a multidimensional construct that includes characteristics of the owner, the animal, and their relationship.”

In your coverage, please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS One:

Citation: Marti R, Hediger K, Pauli E, Hattendorf J (2026) Factors of pet ownership associated with human health: A representative cross-sectional survey of Switzerland. PLoS One 21(7): e0352778.

Author countries: Switzerland, Netherlands.

Funding: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under an Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship grant (Nr. PCEFP1_194591 / 1) to KH and by FORS (www.forscenter.ch), the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences, which conducted the MOSAiCH survey (Measurement and Observation of Social Attitudes in Switzerland [CH]). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

The study’s premise was to investigate whether interacting with pets actively reduces stress or if their emotional benefits stem from different mechanisms. Utilizing a sophisticated, real-time data collection method, the researchers prompted participants — both dog and cat owners — to report their feelings and interactions with their pets multiple times daily over a span of five days. This innovative approach generated nearly 8,000 moment-to-moment data points, providing an unprecedentedly granular dataset that captures how daily interactions with pets influence emotional states in naturalistic settings rather than artificial laboratory constraints.

Contrary to the popular belief that pets primarily function as buffers against stress, the results surprisingly revealed no significant evidence supporting this theory. Interaction with a pet did not appear to mitigate the immediate negative emotional impact of stressful moments. Instead, the beneficial emotional effects noted were consistent across all participants regardless of whether they were actively engaging with their pets during these periods of distress. According to Dr. Mayke Janssens, an assistant professor of psychology and the study’s corresponding author, the presence or interaction with cats or dogs during stress did not function as a protective buffer against negative emotions.

Intriguingly, a species-specific effect emerged when observing interactions under stress. Cat owners who engaged more intensively with their felines during stressful episodes actually experienced heightened negative emotions. This counterintuitive finding suggests that interaction with cats in such contexts might not only fail to alleviate stress but could exacerbate emotional difficulties. The researchers speculate that the typically more passive and low-demand nature of cat interactions might not align well with the need for active emotional support during stress, leading to potentially more complex emotional responses.

In contrast, dog owners did not report an intensification of negative emotions when interacting with their pets in stressful contexts, although interaction did not prove to be effective in reducing stress-related mood disturbances either. This nuanced distinction highlights an important element in the human-pet relationship: while dogs may provide a steadier emotional presence, the immediate mood-lifting effects under acute stress are limited. Such findings challenge popular cultural narratives attributing near-magical stress-relief powers to dogs during moments of high emotional strain.

A key revelation from the study is the underlying emotional benefit that both cats and dogs provide, which is independent of stress relief. Interaction with pets correlated strongly with increased positive emotions and decreased negative feelings overall, suggesting that companionship itself fosters emotional well-being. The research posits that the emotional uplift is more likely linked to a sense of connection and reduced feelings of loneliness that pet ownership and interaction promote, rather than a direct counteraction of stress responses.

The researchers also observed that owner identification with their pet species — dog people versus cat people — might influence the emotional benefits derived from these interactions. This “owner-pet match” hypothesis suggests that personal affinity and psychological congruence between owners and their animal companions play key roles in shaping the emotional outcomes of their interactions. These findings invite further exploration into the intricate interplay of personality traits, pet preferences, and emotional health benefits.

Methodologically, the use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) techniques enabled the research team to capture real-world emotional states with temporal precision. Delivering multiple app-based prompts to participants daily allowed for the collection of contemporaneous emotional and interaction reports, minimizing recall bias typical of retrospective surveys. This approach marks a significant advance in studying human-animal relationships by anchoring emotional data to exact interaction events, thus fostering a more accurate mapping of cause and effect.

Given these rich results, the study underscores a crucial need to look beyond the traditional stress-buffering framework to understand the mechanisms through which pets contribute to human emotional health. The authors stress that other psychological and social factors—such as companionship, routine, and unconditional acceptance—may underpin the emotional benefits, emphasizing the complexity of human-animal bonds. Future research should critically examine these alternate pathways, incorporating variables like owner personality, attachment styles, and contextual factors of interaction.

Despite the striking insights, the authors advise caution in interpreting the data, particularly concerning cats, due to smaller sample sizes and inconsistent statistical significance across some analyses. The emotional dynamics of cat ownership appear more intricate and less predictable, prompting calls for larger-scale and longitudinal studies. Similarly, the extent to which variations in individual pet behavior and owner anxiety levels affect outcomes remains an open question.

Ultimately, the research confirms that neither dogs nor cats can be unequivocally declared as “better” pets in terms of emotional support, but instead highlights the importance of owner-pet compatibility and mutual identification. The parallel emotional benefits seen across species reinforce the idea that pets serve as facilitators of positive emotional experiences largely through companionship rather than through stress alleviation alone. This nuanced understanding has potential implications for therapeutic animal-assisted interventions and pet adoption guidance.

In a world where stress-related mental health challenges continue to rise, these findings recalibrate expectations of the psychological impacts of pet ownership. They encourage a reframing of pets as sources of consistent emotional connection and joy, rather than quick fixes for stress. As Dr. Sanne Peeters remarks, the emotional rewards of interacting with cats and dogs derive chiefly from the relationship’s quality, underscoring the broader human need for meaningful social bonds, whether with a four-legged friend or a fellow human.

This pioneering exploration into the emotional landscapes of human-animal interaction sets a strong foundation for future interdisciplinary investigations at the intersection of psychology, ethology, and human health. It invites technologists, mental health professionals, and animal welfare advocates to ponder the multifaceted roles that pets play in our emotional lives, enriching the discourse on well-being with data-driven insight and a fresh perspective on companionship’s true power.

Subject of Research: Not applicable
Article Title: Human-animal interaction: understanding the role of dog and cat interactions in emotional well-being
News Publication Date: 16-Jun-2026
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768288
References: Frontiers in Psychology
Keywords: human-animal interaction, emotional well-being, pet ownership, stress buffering, dog vs cat, ecological momentary assessment, companionship, emotional health