The scale of the challenge is staggering. Natural history collections document Earth’s biological and geological diversity and serve as essential resources for research on global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, sustainable food production, and ecosystem conservation. Yet despite two decades of rapid growth in digital biodiversity data mobilization, much of the information held in museums and research institutions remains largely inaccessible. Digitization—converting physical specimens and their associated metadata into electronic formats that can be stored, accessed, analyzed, and shared—typically begins with recording metadata, followed by high-resolution imaging of specimens, labels, and documentation. Data are usually gathered under Darwin Core and ABCD standards and made publicly available through platforms like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). But the process is constrained by limited funding, lack of personnel training, restrictive governance structures, and limited technical resources. A major part of the world’s natural science collections is still not digitized at all.

Austria’s holdings are a case in point. The country preserves a unique heritage of over 56 million natural history specimens, some dating back to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, others comprising modern specimens. In addition to major museums and universities, smaller local museums and even monasteries house biological, paleontological, geological-mineralogical, or archaeological collections. An inventory carried out among the twelve founding OSCA institutions in 2021 revealed that only around 15 million objects—roughly 28 percent—were digitally inventoried, and images were available for fewer than 700,000 objects, about 1 percent. The majority of these objects lack any digital record, making them invisible to both scientists and the public. Several other Austrian collections were not even included in the survey, meaning the true total is higher still.

OSCA’s origins trace back to 2006, when a group of Austrian curators initiated digitization efforts, building on their involvement in publishing biodiversity data through GBIF Austria. A nationwide survey of collections followed, gathering information on specimen numbers, existing digital records, and a preliminary cost estimate for complete digitization. In 2008, twelve institutions established the Austrian Digitization Initiative of Natural Science Collections (ODINS), which aimed to coordinate digitization, apply internationally recognized standards, and raise awareness among funding bodies. Although the goal of financing full digitization was not achieved, collaboration and the exchange of expertise among collection managers continued and intensified. Later, through the Natural History Museum Vienna’s involvement in European networks such as the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) and the DiSSCo Prepare project—a preparatory phase for the Distributed System of Scientific Collections Research Infrastructure—regular meetings shared international developments with the Austrian community. These culminated in OSCA’s formation in 2021, initially with twelve founding members, now fourteen.

The consortium’s membership spans the entire country and an enormous disciplinary range. The Natural History Museum Vienna alone houses nearly 30 million objects, from anthropology and botany to geology, mineralogy, paleontology, prehistory, and zoology, available to more than 60 scientists. The Oberösterreichische Landes-Kultur GmbH in Linz holds the second-largest natural history collections in Austria, with thirteen scientists curating more than 15 million objects—including 6.5 million molluscs and 5.5 million insects—and running the ZOBODAT database, which contains over 6.9 million datasets and makes it Austria’s top provider for GBIF. The University of Graz herbarium (GZU) is one of Europe’s most important botanical collections, with approximately 1.2 million specimens and around 10,000 type specimens, including a lichen collection of at least 220,000 specimens of particular international importance. The University of Vienna herbarium houses roughly 1.5 million botanical specimens, while the Tyrolean State Museums hold an estimated 3.5 million specimens, with BioOffice records now exceeding 3 million zoological and 1.7 million botanical datasets.

In 2025, two significant additions strengthened the network. GeoSphere Austria, the national service for geology, geophysics, climatology, and meteorology, joined with one of the country’s most significant geological and paleontological collections—approximately 160,000 entries and an estimated one million individual fossils spanning the Cambrian to the Quaternary, including around 26,000 type specimens. The collection also houses 7,500 mineral samples, 25,000 rock samples, and 441 drill cores representing 16 kilometers of core material, much of it described by prominent Austrian geologists such as Franz von Hauer and Melchior Neumayr. BOKU University joined the same year. The history of GeoSphere’s collection underscores why digitization matters: during World War II, bombing damaged parts of it and buried some specimens, and while volunteers and soldiers saved much of the collection, some items were lost permanently—a reminder that physical scientific knowledge faces real risks.

Technically, OSCA is building a centralized data pipeline designed around the FAIR principles—Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The cornerstone is the OSCA Data Cache, a PostgreSQL database that will serve as the authoritative repository for aggregated biodiversity information. The system accepts specimen data in Excel format conforming to Darwin Core, along with associated image files. Raw data are parsed, validated against schema requirements, and subjected to quality assurance protocols, while uploaded images are processed through an IIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework) server that extracts metadata to integrate with specimen records. Each record is assigned a persistent identifier (PID) to ensure long-term discoverability and citation. The system exposes a flexible API supporting both REST and GraphQL protocols, enabling efficient data distribution to multiple endpoints—including the OSCA portal, DiSSCo, and Kulturpool—through specialized connectors such as Darwin Core Archives, Open Digital Specimen (openDS), and the Europeana Data Model.

The data flow architecture makes Austrian institutions the DiSSCo node for Austria. Participating institutions supply their data in Darwin Core format to the OSCA Cache, which facilitates regular distribution to both the OSCA portal and DiSSCo, though only records related to preserved specimens are transmitted to the European infrastructure. In parallel, institutions also publish directly to GBIF, and data flow through an existing aggregator at the Oberösterreichische Landes-Kultur GmbH to GBIF Austria and the Biodiversity Atlas Austria. The OSCA portal already enables integrated searches across OSCA data as well as DiSSCo, Europeana, GBIF, and GeoCase, with connectivity to other databases such as DNA sequence records in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) through stable links. Artificial intelligence methods are accelerating the process, particularly Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR), which transcribes handwritten historical notes into searchable digital text using tools like Transkribus, making previously inaccessible information available to researchers and the public.

The cooperative model rests on a Memorandum of Understanding signed by all founding institutions in 2022 and extended in 2024. The MoU sets out objectives including establishing a digital inventory and catalogue of Austrian natural science collections, developing them as research infrastructure respecting legal ownership, enhancing their global visibility, implementing standards to improve interoperability, creating 2D and 3D digital images, and linking specimen data with metadata, automated taxonomic and geographic backbones, and research data such as genetic and distribution data. The coordination unit, hosted at the Natural History Museum Vienna and funded by the Federal Ministry for Women, Science and Research with two full-time equivalents for one year and one FTE for an additional four years, leads the consortium’s work. Decisions and information flow take place in weekly meetings attended by technical and scientific representatives, complemented by an annual in-person gathering. A five-year funding period started in 2025, enabling Austria’s participation in DiSSCo and OSCA’s continuation as a national support and coordination structure.

OSCA’s value proposition extends to institutions that have not yet established international data publication workflows, providing a reliable framework to publish digital specimen data with high quality, standardization, and long-term preservation. One of the consortium’s core strengths lies in forming a heterogeneous network—from large federal museums to smaller, specialized collections—across both biological and earth sciences. By providing training workshops, documentation, and technical assistance, OSCA lowers the threshold for participation and fosters a collaborative data culture. Future developments will focus on simplifying data submission, including a user-friendly interface for contributors with limited technical capacity, and streamlining integration with DiSSCo through the OSCA Cache. Even though there is still a long way to go until Austria’s natural science collections are completely digitized and accessible, the readiness of OSCA institutions has increased markedly through knowledge sharing and the construction of a centralized data pipeline. Austria is advancing toward its goal of digitally opening its collections—making them visible, accessible, and usable for interdisciplinary research with significant scientific, societal, and economic relevance.

Subject of Research: Development of the Open Scientific Collections Austria consortium, its 14 member institutions, cooperative model, and FAIR-compliant national data infrastructure for digitizing natural science collections

Article Title: Open Scientific Collections Austria ( OSCA )—from concept to workflows

Article References: Korth, F., Rainer, H., Bara, C.-D., Begic, N., Bses, N., Bilovitz, P., Bräuchler, C., Di Franco, D., Durmaz, A., Eberwein, R. K., Engelberger, S., Festi, D., Friebe, J. G., Götzl, M., Groffman, D., Herburger, A., Kaufmann, P., Kwitt, S., Kustatscher, E., … Vohland, K. (2025). Open Scientific Collections Austria (OSCA)—from concept to workflows. Natural History Collections and Museomics, 2, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/nhcm.2.169440

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3897/nhcm.2.169440

Keywords: OSCA, natural history collections, digitization, FAIR principles, DiSSCo, biodiversity data, Darwin Core, GBIF, persistent identifiers, Austria, Open, Scientific

A new open-source project published in the journal SoftwareX aims to change that. Developed by Yasiel Pérez Vera, the software presents an ecosystem of three interoperable plugins for Open Journal Systems, the widely used open-source platform that powers tens of thousands of scholarly journals worldwide. Rather than building yet another DOI workflow, the ecosystem implements two alternative persistent identifier schemes that carry no recurring registration costs: the Archival Resource Key, known as ARK, and the Persistent Uniform Resource Locator, or PURL. Both schemes offer decentralized, openly governed approaches to persistent identification. ARK identifiers support long-term stewardship through locally managed namespaces and resolver services, while PURLs provide stable redirection mechanisms that preserve identifier persistence independently of changes in the physical location of resources. The design philosophy is explicitly complementary rather than competitive: the ecosystem is not intended to replace DOI infrastructure, but to give journals that cannot sustain registration fees a flexible, sustainable alternative they can manage directly.

The software engineering story behind the project is as interesting as its economics. Conventional implementations of persistent identifiers in publishing platforms tend to tightly couple two very different responsibilities: generating identifiers and resolving them, meaning the act of translating an identifier into the current location of the resource it names. The new ecosystem deliberately separates these concerns. Identifier generation is handled by two plugins, one for ARKs and one for PURLs, each of which extends the native PubIdPlugin interface provided by Open Journal Systems. Identifier resolution, by contrast, is delegated to a third, independent component called the Resolver Gateway Plugin. This gateway receives incoming requests, identifies which identifier scheme is being used, retrieves the associated publication metadata from the platform’s database, and redirects the user to the appropriate resource. Because the gateway is generic, it operates independently of any specific identifier scheme, which means new identifier technologies can be added in the future simply by writing an additional publication identifier plugin that reuses the existing resolution infrastructure.

This architectural decision carries real practical consequences. Because all three components rely exclusively on the official plugin framework and extension mechanisms of Open Journal Systems, no modifications to the platform’s source code are required. Journals can install, update, or remove each component independently using the standard plugin management facilities, and the installation order of the plugins does not affect functionality. The ARK Plugin generates identifiers based on configurable Name Assigning Authority Numbers, object type prefixes, and local identifier patterns, storing them within the standard metadata model so they interact seamlessly with existing export, indexing, and publication services. Validation mechanisms prevent duplicate assignments and guarantee uniqueness within each journal namespace. The PURL Plugin follows the same principles, maintaining persistent identifiers separately from publication URLs so administrators can move content to new locations without invalidating existing citations. Crucially, both plugins can coexist within the same journal installation without conflict.

For journal administrators, the practical workflow is deliberately lightweight. To issue ARK identifiers, an institution first obtains a Name Assigning Authority Number from the ARK Alliance through an online registration form, a process that requires no fee. Once the namespace and resolver configuration are in place, the administrator configures the plugin through the standard settings interface, specifying the namespace, identifier pattern, target publication objects, and resolver URL. For PURLs, the administrator selects or operates a PURL resolution service and configures the corresponding namespace and generation policy. After that initial setup, everything happens automatically: whenever an article, issue, galley, or supplementary file is published through the normal editorial workflow, the appropriate plugin generates and validates an identifier, stores it in the publication metadata, and exposes it as an actionable link. Editors never need to touch identifier infrastructure again, and readers who click an identifier are transparently redirected to the current location of the content.

The validation of the software was conducted with unusual rigor for a publishing tool. The ecosystem was deployed on a dedicated server configured to replicate a typical institutional publishing infrastructure, hosting three scientific journals comprising approximately thirty published issues and 360 research articles. The functional validation protocol covered installation, configuration, automatic identifier generation, metadata persistence, and resolution through the gateway, with every test repeated thirty times under identical conditions. All twelve functional test cases passed consistently, and the validation processed 1,181 publication objects across every supported entity type, including journals, issues, articles, galleys, and supplementary files, without a single plugin failure or manual intervention. The tests also confirmed that all three plugins could operate simultaneously, demonstrating genuine interoperability rather than isolated functionality.

Performance measurements were equally encouraging. Using Apache JMeter 5.6.3 and the Linux time utility, the researchers measured the runtime overhead introduced by identifier generation and resolution across thirty independent executions of each operation. ARK generation took a mean of 15.8 milliseconds, PURL generation 14.7 milliseconds, identifier resolution 27.4 milliseconds, and complete HTTP redirections 31.2 milliseconds, with success rates of 100 percent for generation and 99.8 percent for resolution and redirection. These latencies are low enough that identifier management remains entirely transparent to editors and readers, an essential property for software that must sit inside a live editorial workflow without slowing it down. The deployment procedure itself was reproduced from clean installations of Open Journal Systems using only the official plugin installation mechanism, with no manual database changes, satisfying reproducibility expectations aligned with the FAIR principles for research software.

Perhaps the most striking evidence of the project’s relevance comes from its adoption. At the time of evaluation, 42 scientific journals across multiple countries had already deployed the ecosystem in production, with publicly verifiable, resolvable ARK and PURL identifiers confirmed through direct inspection of journal websites and live resolution requests. This is not a laboratory prototype but software supporting real editorial workflows on three continents. A comparison with conventional persistent identifier solutions for Open Journal Systems highlights the gap it fills: existing approaches typically depend on external registration agencies such as Crossref or DataCite, usually require recurring fees, offer limited support for multiple free identifier schemes, and lack an independent resolver component. The new ecosystem requires no external registration agency, imposes no recurring costs, supports self-hosted deployment, and remains fully extensible through the standard plugin framework, all while preserving compatibility with DOI-based solutions for journals that use both.

The broader significance extends beyond any single journal’s budget. Persistent identifiers are no longer valued merely for keeping citations alive; they increasingly serve as the connective tissue linking publications, datasets, software, researchers, institutions, and funders through interoperable, machine-actionable metadata, underpinning discovery, provenance tracking, reproducibility, and long-term preservation. When thousands of journals, particularly those in the Global South and the Diamond Open Access movement, operate outside the identifier ecosystem, the entire scholarly graph develops holes. By lowering the technical and economic barriers to participation, this open-source ecosystem, released under the GNU GPL v3 license with complete documentation and versioned releases in public repositories, offers a route toward a more complete and equitable identifier infrastructure. The author outlines future work including support for additional identifier schemes, improved interoperability with external scholarly infrastructures, automated testing and continuous integration pipelines, and validation across newer platform releases and larger publishing environments, positioning the software as a sustainable, community-extensible foundation for the next generation of scholarly communication.

Subject of Research: An open-source plugin ecosystem providing free ARK and PURL persistent identifiers for Open Journal Systems scholarly publishing

Article Title: An open-source ecosystem for implementing free persistent identifiers in open journal systems

Article References: Pérez Vera, Y. (2026). An open-source ecosystem for implementing free persistent identifiers in open journal systems. SoftwareX, 36, Article 103023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2026.103023

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1016/j.softx.2026.103023

Keywords: persistent identifiers, Open Journal Systems, ARK identifiers, PURL, open access publishing, DOI alternatives, open-source software, scholarly communication, FAIR principles, resolver gateway, diamond open access, SoftwareX