Perovskites first captured global attention in 2009, when researchers demonstrated that organometal halide perovskites could act as visible-light sensitizers in photovoltaic cells. Since then, the materials have driven a revolution in low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells, light-emitting diodes and photodetectors. Their generic crystal formula, ABX3, describes a versatile lattice in which an organic or inorganic cation sits in the A site, a metal such as lead or tin occupies the B site, and a halide anion such as iodine, bromine or chlorine fills the X site. This architecture is remarkably forgiving: the lattice can expand, contract and reorganize itself as its chemical components are swapped, allowing researchers to fine-tune band gaps, carrier diffusion lengths and absorption coefficients with a precision few other material families can match.

It is precisely that tunability, the review explains, that has recently drawn battery scientists into the perovskite arena. In a lithium-ion battery, the anode must repeatedly accept and release lithium ions as the cell charges and discharges, a process known as intercalation. An ideal anode material offers an open, deformable lattice that can host large concentrations of lithium without collapsing, together with sufficient electronic conductivity to shuttle charge to the current collector. Hybrid halide perovskites tick many of these boxes. Their expandable lattices can accommodate lithium ions, their long carrier diffusion lengths support efficient charge transport, and their soft, ionic character means lithium can move through the crystal with relative ease. The review highlights that organohalide perovskites behave as fast ionic conductors, a property that is essential for high-rate battery operation.

The headline performance figure reported in the review is striking. Lead-based halide perovskites used as anode materials, paired with lithium metal cathodes, have achieved initial discharge capacities of around 1600 milliampere-hours per gram at a current density of 200 milliampere-hours per gram. That figure substantially exceeds the theoretical capacity of the graphite anodes that dominate today’s commercial lithium-ion cells, which store roughly 372 milliampere-hours per gram. Methylammonium lead bromide, one of the most studied hybrid perovskites, has been shown to reversibly host high concentrations of lithium ions, and operando X-ray diffraction studies have revealed a multi-step lithium storage mechanism in which intercalation and conversion reactions unfold sequentially inside the crystal.

Understanding exactly how lithium enters and transforms a perovskite lattice has been a central theme of the field. Computational studies based on first-principles calculations have mapped the mechanisms of lithium intercalation and conversion in organic-inorganic halide perovskites, showing that lithium ions can displace the organic cations and react with the metal halide framework to form new phases. Electrochemical lithium doping experiments on cesium lead bromide crystals have documented how the material’s optical and electronic properties change as lithium is driven in and out, confirming that the intercalation is genuine and reversible over at least some range of conditions. These insights matter because a battery anode lives or dies by reversibility: every lithium ion that enters the lattice on charge should leave it again on discharge, cycle after cycle, without degrading the electrode.

The review also surveys the structural diversity that researchers are exploiting to improve performance. Three-dimensional perovskites offer dense, connected lattices, while two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper and Dion-Jacobson variants insert organic spacer layers between slabs of corner-sharing metal halide octahedra. These layered structures have proven especially interesting for batteries, because the galleries between the slabs provide natural pathways for lithium ions and the organic layers can cushion the volume changes that accompany cycling. Studies of two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites as lithium-ion battery electrodes have demonstrated that the dimensionality of the framework strongly influences the reversibility of lithium intercalation. Low-dimensional hybrid perovskites, including nanosheets and nanohexagons, have additionally been engineered as high-performance anodes for alkali-ion batteries, with morphology and chemical tuning of lead halide perovskite mesocrystals extending cycle life.

Toxicity and stability concerns have pushed a parallel research effort toward lead-free alternatives. The review covers lead-free A2CuBr4 perovskite anodes, in which the A site is occupied by methylammonium or cesium, which have realized high capacity and cycling stability in lithium-ion cells. All-inorganic lead-free double perovskites have been shown to host high lithium-ion concentrations, and hybrid perovskite-like iodobismuthates have emerged as low-cost, stable anode materials. Cesium zinc halides have recently been reported as ultra-stable lead-free perovskite electrodes, and doping strategies, such as manganese incorporation into cesium sodium bismuth chloride double perovskites combined with thermal field treatment, have been used to enhance anode performance. These lead-free chemistries address the environmental and regulatory obstacles that would otherwise stand between perovskite batteries and commercial deployment.

One of the most tantalizing prospects raised by the review is the marriage of perovskite solar cells and perovskite batteries into photo-rechargeable devices. Because halide perovskites are both excellent light absorbers and viable lithium hosts, a single material could in principle harvest sunlight and store its energy in the same device. Researchers have already demonstrated photo-rechargeable lead-free perovskite lithium-ion batteries based on hexagonal cesium bismuth iodide nanosheets, and earlier work showed efficient photo-charging of lithium-ion batteries using perovskite solar cells. Perovskite light-emitting electrochemical cells with large capacitance further illustrate how the same ionic-electronic dual conductivity that makes these materials interesting for batteries also underpins unusual optoelectronic behavior. A device that charges itself with sunlight would be a compelling solution for off-grid and wearable applications.

Despite the enthusiasm, the review is candid about the obstacles. Discharge capacities tend to fall over long cycling, a signature of gradual structural degradation, electrolyte decomposition and the mechanical stress of repeated lithium insertion and extraction. Cycling stability remains limited compared with mature commercial anode materials, and the scalability of synthesizing high-quality perovskite electrodes at the volumes demanded by the battery industry is still an open question. The intrinsic ionic mobility that makes perovskites good lithium hosts also makes them vulnerable to unwanted ion migration, halide segregation and moisture-driven decomposition, all of which must be tamed before a perovskite anode could survive thousands of cycles in a consumer product. Interface engineering, protective coatings, electrolyte optimization and defect control, strategies already proven in perovskite solar cells, are expected to play equally decisive roles on the battery side.

The authors’ ultimate aim is to establish halide perovskites as credible electrode materials and to guide the development of next-generation energy storage compounds. The convergence is conceptually elegant: a material class perfected for converting photons into electricity is now being re-engineered to bank that electricity for later use. If the stability and scalability challenges can be overcome, hybrid halide perovskites could help batteries keep pace with the soaring demands of electric vehicles, grid storage and portable electronics, closing the loop between the two most transformative energy technologies of the century.

Subject of Research: Hybrid halide perovskite materials as electrodes for lithium-ion battery energy storage

Article Title: Organic-inorganic halide perovskite electrodes for energy storage applications

Article References: Kumaresan, S., Sangeetha, V., & Mohanavel, V. (2026). Organic-inorganic halide perovskite electrodes for energy storage applications. Ionics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-026-07466-3

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s11581-026-07466-3

Keywords: perovskites, lithium-ion batteries, energy storage, anode materials, halide perovskites, lithium intercalation, lead-free perovskites, Ruddlesden-Popper, photo-rechargeable batteries, electrodes, discharge capacity, crystal structure