The research team, led by neurosurgeons at one of China’s most prominent hospitals, enrolled 147 consecutive patients between May 2018 and August 2020, ultimately analyzing 140 individuals who completed preoperative assessments: 98 with glioma, the most common primary malignant brain tumor, and 42 with brain metastases, most frequently originating from lung cancer. Every patient filled out two of the most widely used patient-reported outcome instruments in oncology, the EORTC QLQ-C30 core questionnaire and the brain-cancer-specific QLQ-BN20 module, before surgery and again at seven days, one month, and three months afterward. The QLQ-C30 captures five functional domains—physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social—alongside global health status and a battery of symptoms, while the QLQ-BN20 probes issues particularly relevant to brain tumor patients, including future uncertainty, motor dysfunction, communication deficit, headaches, seizures, and leg weakness.

The headline result is a striking V-shaped trajectory in overall health status. One week after surgery, patients reported significant deterioration across multiple domains: global health status, physical function, role function, fatigue, pain, and lower extremity weakness all worsened compared with preoperative baselines. Among glioma patients, physical function fell from a mean of 87.4 points to 66.4 on the 100-point scale, and role function dropped from 79.6 to 60.8, both highly statistically significant declines. Yet by the one-month follow-up, most functional measures in the glioma group had climbed back to baseline levels, and the recovery pattern held across low-grade glioma, high-grade glioma, and brain metastasis subgroups, with high-grade patients recovering more slowly.

Not every symptom followed the same curve. For glioma patients, seizure-related symptoms actually improved one month after surgery, a finding the authors attribute to the clinical effect of removing epileptic foci during tumor resection, potentially reinforced by standardized anti-epileptic medication. In the brain metastasis group, psychological distress eased over time: future uncertainty and headaches were significantly alleviated at the one-month mark, and cognitive function scores improved as well. On the other hand, some symptoms emerged or lingered later in recovery—dyspnea and bladder control worsened at one month in glioma patients, skin itching deteriorated at three months, and dyspnea was significantly exacerbated at three months in the metastasis group.

Beyond charting trajectories, the study used multivariate linear regression to identify which patient and treatment characteristics independently predicted quality-of-life outcomes at each time point. The list of influential factors was long and domain-specific. Age, years of education, tumor location and laterality, surgical extent, and baseline Karnofsky Performance Status all emerged as significant predictors of particular HRQoL domains. For example, seven days after surgery, older age, more education, and right-sided tumors were independently associated with less severe communication deficit among glioma patients. At one month, tumors spanning multiple lobes, subtotal resection, and gross total resection were linked to worse motor dysfunction scores, while occipital lobe tumors predicted better motor outcomes.

Some associations defied simple intuition. Among glioma patients, advanced age was linked to milder communication deficits and leg weakness after surgery—a counterintuitive result the researchers attribute largely to selection bias. Elderly patients with severe preoperative neurological deficits or multiple comorbidities are generally not candidates for craniotomy, so the older patients who made it into the study represented a relatively healthy group with better neurological reserve. In the brain metastasis cohort, by contrast, older patients tended to report higher levels of future uncertainty and headaches, possibly reflecting the psychological weight and complex disease course that accompany metastatic cancer.

Tumor laterality produced some of the study’s most mechanistically interesting findings. Left-hemisphere lesions were associated with more severe baseline communication impairment, consistent with the left hemisphere’s dominant role in language processing. Right-sided tumors, meanwhile, were linked to worse emotional, cognitive, and social function in the early postoperative period. The authors note that these patterns align with the well-documented functional lateralization of the human cerebrum and argue that recognizing hemispheric differences can help clinicians design individualized assessment plans and targeted rehabilitation for speech, cognition, and motor function.

The Karnofsky Performance Status score, a standard measure of a patient’s ability to perform daily activities, proved to be a crucial reference point throughout. KPS was negatively correlated with headache, fatigue, and pain, meaning patients with better functional status reported fewer of these core symptoms. Baseline quality of life also differed significantly across tumor grades: patients with low-grade glioma, high-grade glioma, and brain metastases showed distinct profiles in physical function, cognitive function, pain, insomnia, motor dysfunction, headache, and leg weakness. Brain metastasis patients generally carried a heavier symptom burden at baseline, likely because most had already undergone systemic treatment for their primary tumors before arriving at neurosurgery.

The authors are candid about the study’s limitations. Follow-up attrition was substantial—only 33.7 percent of glioma patients and 31 percent of brain metastasis patients completed the three-month assessment—and the researchers used multiple imputation to manage missing data, though sensitivity analyses were not feasible given the sample size. The single-center design, the relatively short three-month window, and the absence of detailed records on preoperative systemic therapies and postoperative adjuvant treatments all introduce potential bias. The team also performed a large number of statistical tests across domains, time points, and subgroups, which elevates the risk of false-positive findings, and they caution that the observed associations are population-specific and require external validation in larger, multi-center cohorts.

Even with those caveats, the study’s practical message is clear and actionable. Surgery on a malignant brain tumor reliably produces a transient dip in quality of life, but for most patients the functional nadir is temporary, with the majority of indicators recovering within a month. Because age, tumor laterality, surgical approach, and performance status each shape different aspects of recovery at different times, the authors argue that regular, structured assessment of these factors can help clinicians formulate individualized interventions—whether targeted supportive care in the first postoperative week, seizure management, cognitive rehabilitation, or psychological support for patients grappling with uncertainty about the future. In a disease where median survival for glioblastoma remains between 12 and 15 months, ensuring that the time patients have is lived as well as possible is not a secondary goal but a central measure of treatment success.

Subject of Research: Perioperative health-related quality of life and its determinants in patients with malignant brain tumors

Article Title: Health-related quality of life and its determinants in patients with malignant brain tumors: a prospective longitudinal study

Article References: Xiao, Z., Chen, W., Yang, T., Wang, Y., Li, J., Guo, X., Wang, L., Xu, D., Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., & Ma, W. (2026). Health-related quality of life and its determinants in patients with malignant brain tumors: a prospective longitudinal study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 34(10), Article 1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-026-11262-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s00520-026-11262-0

Keywords: malignant brain tumors, glioma, brain metastases, health-related quality of life, EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-BN20, neurosurgery, Karnofsky Performance Status, patient-reported outcomes, perioperative care, longitudinal study, supportive care