The investigators used univariable and multivariable linear regression to examine relationships between gland volume and information available before surgery, including demographic characteristics, laboratory indicators and imaging data. Patients were allocated to training and validation sets at a ratio of 7:3. Five variables were independently associated with parathyroid gland volume in the multivariable analysis.

Longer dialysis duration had a positive association with volume, with a P value of 0.046. Serum calcium was also positively associated, with P less than 0.001, as was parathyroid hormone, likewise with P less than 0.001. A larger number of glands detected by ultrasonography was associated with greater volume, with a P value of 0.003.

Serum albumin showed a negative association, also with P less than 0.001. The researchers combined these factors in a nomogram designed to display the predictive relationships and generate an estimated gland volume. Performance was moderate in the validation set.

The correlation coefficient between predicted and actual gland volumes was 0.455, meaning that the model accounted for some but not all of the observed variation in volume. A second measure, reported as P30, showed that 61.7% of estimated values were within a clinically acceptable margin of error of 30% from the actual volume. The findings are limited by the retrospective design and the selected study population.

Every participant underwent parathyroidectomy, so the model was evaluated in a surgical cohort rather than among all people with secondary hyperparathyroidism, including those who remained on medical therapy. Although preoperative volume estimation was proposed as a way to complement imaging, the study’s stated clinical utility for identifying missed or ectopic glands remains to be evaluated in future research.

Subject of Research: Preoperative prediction of parathyroid gland volume in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Article Title: Development and validation of a nomogram to predict parathyroid gland volume in secondary hyperparathyroidism

Article References: Li, W., Pan, B., Li, Z., Li, J., Song, T., Wang, Y., & Zhou, P. (2026). Development and validation of a nomogram to predict parathyroid gland volume in secondary hyperparathyroidism. BMC Endocrine Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-026-02685-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12902-026-02685-1

Keywords: secondary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid gland volume, clinical nomogram, parathyroidectomy, dialysis, parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, serum albumin, ultrasonography, prediction model, Development, validation