The researchers tested five nitrogen rates—0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg N ha−1—alongside three foliar treatments: a control, glycine betaine and zeatin. These combinations were evaluated in six barley varieties: Ramata, Placidia, Nonius, Sultan, Kıral-97 and Altıkat. The factorial field design examined the individual and combined effects of nitrogen fertilization and biostimulant treatment on growth, yield formation and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency.

Nonius recorded the highest grain yield among the six varieties, at 6.33 t ha−1, while Altıkat produced the lowest, at 5.17 t ha−1. Nitrogen rate produced a different result for total yield than for efficiency. Grain yield at 240 kg N ha−1 was reported as 116.71% higher than the unfertilized control, and the researchers identified this rate as providing the best overall balance for yield contribution.

By contrast, 80 kg N ha−1 was optimal for both agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen. The comparison shows that the nitrogen rate associated with the highest yield response was not the same as the rate associated with the strongest efficiency measures. The full experimental range also included 320 kg N ha−1, but the abstract does not report its yield percentage or efficiency values relative to the other rates.

The findings support the tested combination of foliar biostimulants and nitrogen management as an approach for improving barley productivity and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency under rainfed field conditions, with zeatin producing the larger average grain-yield increase. Their scope remains bounded by the two-year experiment, six varieties and five nitrogen rates, and the supplied results do not establish whether the same treatment effects would occur in other environments or production systems. The research also does not show that one nitrogen rate should replace the others: 240 kg N ha−1 was associated with the strongest reported overall yield contribution, whereas 80 kg N ha−1 gave the best reported values for the two nitrogen-efficiency measures.

Within this experimental framework, the clearest result is that adding glycine betaine or zeatin improved overall measured agronomic performance, while the balance between total yield and nitrogen-use efficiency depended on the nitrogen application rate.

Subject of Research: Effects of foliar biostimulants and nitrogen rates on rainfed barley yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency

Article Title: Synergistic effect of biostimulants and nitrogen fertilization on crop performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under rainfed conditions

Article References: ÖZTÜRK AY, E., AKAY, H., SEZER, İ., & AY, A. (2026). Synergistic effect of biostimulants and nitrogen fertilization on crop performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under rainfed conditions. BMC Plant Biology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09911-x

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12870-026-09911-x

Keywords: barley, rainfed agriculture, biostimulants, glycine betaine, zeatin, nitrogen fertilization, grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency, crop performance, field experiment, Synergistic, effect