The introductory paper, published on 17 September 2026, is the work of Fiammetta Piersigilli of Louvain University’s Saint Luc neonatal intensive care unit in Brussels, together with Kevin Hugill, Robin van der Lee, Matheus F. P. T. van Rens, Giovanni Barone, Tobias Werther, Bernhard Schwaberger and Suzy Van Eenoo, writing on behalf of the Pediatric and Neonatal Vascular Access Special Interest Group of the European Society for Paediatric Research (ESPR) and the vascular access network NEVAT. The group spans institutions across Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Bulgaria, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States, reflecting a deliberate effort to build recommendations that transcend local custom and national tradition. The authors state plainly that vascular access is a pervasive facet of contemporary neonatal practice that lacks standardization, and that some long-standing practices have never been supported by solid evidence.

The technical challenge at the heart of neonatal vascular access is scale. A peripheral vein in a premature infant weighing 500 grams may be less than a millimeter in diameter, with a wall thinner than a human hair. Inserting a cannula into such a vessel demands extraordinary precision, and even a successful placement can fail within hours if the device is not secured and managed correctly. Peripheral intravenous cannulation, the most common procedure in neonatal care, carries substantial complication rates. A multicenter observational study cited by the authors reported significant rates of infiltration, phlebitis and inadvertent dislodgement in neonates, and subsequent research has identified both unmodifiable factors, such as gestational age and vein characteristics, and potentially modifiable factors, such as securement technique and dressing choice, that shape how long a device survives and how often it fails.

Beyond the mechanical risks, the series highlights a dimension of neonatal care that has gained increasing scientific attention in recent years: the developmental and neurobiological cost of repeated painful procedures. Neonates undergoing intensive care may experience dozens of invasive procedures during their stay, and systematic reviews have linked early procedural pain exposure to adverse developmental outcomes in children born preterm. Researchers have also framed the cumulative stress of intensive care as a form of toxic stress that can alter infant outcomes, making every avoided cannulation attempt and every extended device dwell time a meaningful gain for the developing brain. In this light, vascular access is not merely a technical task but a determinant of long-term neurodevelopment, which is precisely why the authors argue that objective, evidence-based standardization matters so much.

The ten recommendations that structure the special series cover the full lifecycle of a vascular access device, from the moment a clinician decides that one is needed to the moment it is removed. A central theme is that the decision to place a device should be made deliberately rather than reflexively. The authors point to the Abba Project, whose name stands for Assess Better before Access, a retrospective cohort study of neonatal intravascular device outcomes that encouraged teams to evaluate whether a device was truly necessary and which type was most appropriate before any needle touched the skin. Decision-support tools such as the neonatal DAV-Expert algorithm, developed through an Italian consensus process, guide clinicians toward the most suitable venous access for a given newborn, balancing expected duration of therapy, osmolarity and pH of infusates, and the condition of available vessels.

Assessment of the infant’s veins before insertion is another pillar of the recommendations. The Rapid Superficial Vein Assessment protocol, known as RASUVA, provides a structured pre-procedural evaluation of superficial veins to optimize catheterization, reducing the number of failed attempts. Once a device is in place, the series draws on insertion bundles that have demonstrated measurable reductions in complications. These include the SIUVEC protocol for safe insertion of umbilical venous catheters, the SIECC insertion bundle for epicutaneo-caval catheters, the so-called GAVECELT bundle applied to central venous catheterization in neonates and children in a prospective study of more than 700 cases, and the Neo-Echotip protocol, which uses ultrasound for tip navigation and tip location during placement of central venous access devices. Intracavitary electrocardiography, in which the catheter itself is used as an electrode to confirm tip position, offers an alternative to chest radiography for verifying that a catheter tip sits in the correct position, reducing radiation exposure and delays.

Securement and infection prevention receive equally rigorous treatment. Central line-associated bloodstream infections remain among the most feared complications of neonatal intensive care, and quality improvement work has shown that adopting evidence-based care bundles can drive infection rates toward zero. The recommendations also embrace a material innovation that has rapidly entered neonatal practice: cyanoacrylate glue, the same class of medical adhesive used in tissue bonding. Randomized and observational studies have evaluated octyl-butyl-cyanoacrylate glue for sutureless securement of epicutaneo-caval catheters, umbilical venous catheters and peripheral intravenous catheters in neonates, with results suggesting reduced dislodgement and fewer complications compared with traditional adhesive dressings and sutures. Because glue eliminates puncture sites from sutures and creates a microbial seal at the insertion point, it represents a technically elegant solution to one of the most persistent problems in the field.

Standardization also extends to language. The series incorporates the Navigate Project, a position statement from European vascular access societies establishing a common nomenclature for vascular access devices. The authors argue that inconsistent terminology, in which the same device may be called different things in different countries or even different wards of the same hospital, undermines research, benchmarking and safe communication between teams. A shared vocabulary allows complication rates to be compared meaningfully across units and allows evidence generated in one setting to be translated reliably into another. This effort aligns with broader international frameworks, including the Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, whose ninth edition provides an overarching reference for infusion-related care, and the ERPIUP consensus on the proper indication and use of peripheral venous access devices in adults, whose methodology the neonatal group adapted to its own population.

What makes the series notable is its candor about the limits of the evidence. The authors emphasize that the recommendations consolidate existing knowledge and consensus rather than presenting definitive trial data, and they explicitly frame the series as a means of highlighting priorities for further research to address gaps in knowledge. Many practices in neonatal vascular access have evolved through apprenticeship and habit rather than randomized evidence, and the ten recommendations are as much a research agenda as a clinical guideline. By naming where the evidence is thin, the group hopes to direct future studies toward the questions that matter most for outcomes, from optimal dwell times to the long-term developmental impact of procedural pain.

For clinicians, the practical message is that objective standardization of neonatal vascular access is achievable now, with tools that already exist. For the smallest patients, whose veins are fragile and whose developing brains are exquisitely sensitive to stress, the stakes of getting this right could hardly be higher. If the series succeeds in bridging practice gaps and supporting evidence-based standardization across neonatal units worldwide, it may quietly transform one of the most routine yet consequential procedures in medicine, turning an area long governed by individual habit into one governed by shared, scrutinized and continually improved evidence.

Subject of Research: Standardization of neonatal vascular access through international expert consensus recommendations

Article Title: Introduction to the special article series to guide neonatal vascular access

Article References: Piersigilli, F., Hugill, K., van der Lee, R., van Rens, M. F. P. T., Barone, G., Werther, T., Schwaberger, B., Van Eenoo, S., on behalf of the Pediatric and Neonatal Vascular Access SIG of the ESPR and NEVAT, Van Der Lee, R., van Rens, M., van Eenoo, S., van den Hoogen, A., Rodriguez-Perez, C., Breschan, C., Pittiruti, M., Oulego-Erroz, I., Ouwehand, T., Debuf, M.-J., … Tuna, M. L. (2026). Introduction to the special article series to guide neonatal vascular access. Pediatric Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05468-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1038/s41390-026-05468-5

Keywords: neonatal vascular access, Pediatric Research, clinical consensus, central venous catheters, peripheral intravenous cannulation, cyanoacrylate glue, ultrasound guidance, catheter-related bloodstream infection, neonatal pain, ESPR, NEVAT, patient safety