At Lehigh University, associate professor Yevgeny Berdichevsky from the departments of bioengineering and electrical and computer engineering leads an innovative effort to bridge that divide. Recently awarded a $2 million grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), his interdisciplinary team is pioneering research to unravel the complex information processing within the brain. Their goal: to harness the brain’s natural computational mechanisms within bioengineered neural organoids and inspire new, energy-efficient AI algorithms.

This ambitious project leverages cutting-edge techniques in tissue engineering. The core of the work revolves around brain organoids—miniature, three-dimensional structures cultivated from adult stem cells that imitate the developmental features of the human cortex. Unlike traditional two-dimensional cultures, these organoids provide a more realistic microenvironment to study neuronal behaviors and circuit dynamics. Yet, neurons in organoids often grow without spatial organization, limiting their computational mimicry of brain tissue.

To overcome this, Lesley W. Chow, an associate professor specializing in bioengineering and materials science, employs 3D-printed biomaterial scaffolds. These finely tuned structures serve as physical frameworks to guide neuron placement within organoids, orchestrating the formation of layered neural networks that mimic the ordered architecture of the human cortex. By inserting neural spheroids—small clusters of diverse neuron types—into pre-designed scaffold cavities and stacking these layers methodically, the team essentially engineers the organoid’s connectivity from the ground up.

But engineering the physical layout is only the first hurdle. Functional validation requires demonstrating that these organized neurons can perform dynamic computations akin to those our brains effortlessly execute. One such complex task is visual motion detection, currently approximated in machines through optical flow algorithms embedded in drone navigation and autonomous vehicle computer vision. These algorithms, despite recent advancements, remain suboptimal in energy efficiency and accuracy.

Berdichevsky’s approach capitalizes on the intrinsic dynamics of cortical neurons to surpass these limitations. By stimulating neurons directly with optical pulses—bypassing the eye entirely—his team encodes visual information into patterned light sequences projected onto targeted neurons. This technique mimics the brain’s natural transformation of photons into electrical signals but allows precise experimental manipulation at the cellular level.

Through microscopy, researchers record neuronal activity by tracking a genetically expressed fluorescent protein whose brightness fluctuates depending on neuron firing. This direct visualization of active neurons, mapped spatially and temporally, provides a rich dataset to decode how the neural network interprets motion. Collaborating with assistant professor Yuntao Liu, the team is developing sophisticated decoding algorithms and computational models to analyze fluorescence patterns. These tools will elucidate not only what the organoid “perceives” but also the velocity and directionality of moving stimuli.

The computational model serves an additional purpose: shaping protocols to train these organoids, enabling learning and adaptation much like neural plasticity in vivo. In doing so, the research embodies a feedback loop—biological computation informing artificial algorithms, which in turn refine engineered neural tissues.

Ethical considerations occupy a central role in this venture. Ally Peabody Smith, an assistant professor of community and population health, investigates the social and legal implications arising from using living neural tissues. Although the organoids remain far too simplistic and minuscule to exhibit consciousness, maintaining transparent ethical boundaries is paramount as bioengineered models increasingly approach functional complexity.

This multidisciplinary endeavor, blending computational neuroscience, bioengineering, materials science, and ethical scholarship, epitomizes the synthesis necessary to translate neural principles into transformative AI technology. As Berdichevsky explains, the integrated design is the project’s greatest strength: combining hardware-inspired neural networks with biologically precise “wetware” to achieve forms of computation that are simultaneously powerful and energy efficient.

If successful, these engineered organoids could offer a groundbreaking proof of concept—showing that biological tissues can execute computations traditionally reserved for silicon processors. This prospect holds the promise of revolutionizing AI architectures, reducing power consumption, and enabling machines to perform intricate tasks with brain-like facility.

As this research moves forward, it underscores a pivotal question at the frontier of science and engineering: can we not only emulate but also evolve the brain’s computing capabilities through biofabrication? The answers emerging from Lehigh University’s labs may well define the next era of intelligent machines.

Subject of Research: Bioengineered neural organoids for biological computation and energy-efficient artificial intelligence.

Article Title: Neural Organoids in 3D Scaffolds: Pioneering Energy-Efficient Biological Computation to Inspire Next-Generation AI

News Publication Date: Information not provided.

Web References:

• Lehigh University Faculty Profile: Yevgeny Berdichevsky
• NSF Award Abstract (#2515371)
• NSF 24-508: Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI-2024/25)
• Lehigh University Faculty Profile: Lesley W. Chow
• Lehigh University Faculty Profile: Yuntao Liu
• Lehigh University College of Health Faculty: Ally Peabody Smith

Image Credits: Courtesy of Yevgeny Berdichevsky / Lehigh University

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Organoids, Organ cultures, Neurons, Neural stem cells, Systems neuroscience, Neural networks, Engineering, Bioengineering, Electrical engineering, Neuroscience, Brain tissue, Brain

Shi’s work is situated within the Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SPCEET) at Kennesaw State University, where engineering principles merge with medical science to tackle complex biological problems. Supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant, Shi’s team is pioneering the creation of patient-specific “digital twins” of the human stomach—sophisticated virtual models that replicate both the physical structure and electrical dynamics of this vital organ. These digital twins are crafted using an integrative approach that combines advanced medical imaging techniques, biomechanical tissue testing, and high-fidelity computational modeling.

At the core of this research lies the hypothesis that conventional diagnostic methods may miss critical changes occurring at the microscopic mechanical level within gastrointestinal tissues. Despite normal appearances on traditional endoscopy or imaging, the stomach may harbor subtle stiffness variations or disruptions in its intrinsic electrical signaling that profoundly impact its motility and function. Shi’s models incorporate these nuanced biomechanical and electrophysiological properties to create a dynamic simulation environment that parallels the real physiological behavior of the stomach with remarkable precision.

To build these models, Dr. Shi’s research collaborates closely with clinicians at Emory University, who provide a rich dataset that includes CT scans, endoscopic images, and a specialized diagnostic measurement called manometry. Manometry gauges pressure fluctuations and tissue deformation throughout the stomach and esophagus during digestion, giving unique insights into the organ’s biomechanical activity. Using this data, Shi’s lab runs a battery of mechanical tests—such as tensile and biaxial assays—to quantify tissue elasticity, stiffness, and response to physiological loading conditions.

“Two stomachs may appear identical, but their biomechanical properties could be worlds apart,” Shi explains. His experiments reveal how variations in tissue elasticity affect the contraction patterns and peristaltic waves essential for moving food through the digestive system. The integration of electrical signaling data into the modeling framework further enhances the fidelity of these digital twins. By simulating electrical wave propagation and its influence on tissue movement, the model captures critical feedback loops between the stomach’s mechanical and electrical subsystems.

This innovative approach holds tremendous potential not just for diagnosis but also for personalized therapeutic interventions. Current clinical evaluations provide limited predictive power when it comes to treatment efficacy or disease progression. However, digital twins offer a virtual testbed to simulate how varied therapeutic strategies—ranging from pharmacological to surgical—might alter gastric behavior. This paves the way toward precision medicine strategies where interventions can be optimized on a case-by-case basis, reducing trial-and-error and improving patient outcomes.

SPCEET Dean Lawrence Whitman emphasizes the transformative nature of this research, noting that it represents a symbiotic fusion of engineering, computational science, and clinical medicine. “Dr. Shi’s work exemplifies how multidisciplinary collaboration can lead to breakthroughs that improve lives,” Whitman remarks. The research is not confined to the stomach alone; Shi envisions extending his modeling techniques to the entire gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus through the intestines, encompassing complex interactions such as the brain-gut axis, which influences digestion, mood, and immunity.

Incorporating machine learning algorithms is another frontier Shi plans to explore, aiming to accelerate the analysis and predictive capabilities of these models. By leveraging pattern recognition and data-driven insights, the research will evolve from static simulations to adaptive virtual platforms capable of real-time diagnostics. Drawing on Shi’s prior success modeling the heart, uterus, and cervix, this work uses analogous computational methods to expedite development and accuracy.

A unique aspect of this project is its immersive training environment for emerging scientists and engineers. Currently, Shi mentors Ph.D. students actively contributing to experimental mechanics and modeling, providing invaluable hands-on experience. “The interdisciplinary nature of this research enriches our understanding far beyond traditional engineering,” notes Yue Li, a doctoral candidate involved in the project. The collaboration fosters skill development in mechanical testing, data integration, and computational simulation, preparing students for careers at the nexus of engineering and biomedicine.

Emerging from the Intelligent Biomechanics lab on KSU’s Marietta Campus, this undertaking exemplifies how technological innovation can address healthcare’s persisting enigmas. By constructing detailed digital surrogates of the stomach, Shi’s team is opening new vistas in comprehending GI disorders that have long eluded accurate detection. Their comprehensive approach, uniting biomechanics with electrophysiology and medical imaging, propels the ambition of personalized digestive healthcare into a new era.

As the digital twin technology matures, it promises to influence clinical workflows significantly, reducing diagnostic ambiguity and enhancing treatment precision. Future integration with wearable sensors and real-time imaging could enable continuous monitoring of gastrointestinal function, offering unprecedented insight into disease onset and progression. Ultimately, Lei Shi’s pioneering work positions mechanical engineering at the forefront of transforming digestive health, embodying the next generation of intelligent medical technology.

Subject of Research: Development of patient-specific digital twins of the human stomach for improved diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Article Title: Transforming Gastrointestinal Healthcare: Engineering Virtual Twins of the Human Stomach

News Publication Date: [Not provided]

Web References:

• Kennesaw State University Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology: https://www.kennesaw.edu/spceet/index.php
• Lei Shi’s Lab Homepage: https://facultyweb.kennesaw.edu/lshi/index.php

Image Credits: Credit: Darnell Wilburn / Kennesaw State University

Keywords: Gastrointestinal disorders, digestive disorders, gastrointestinal tract, medical imaging, diseases and disorders, gastroenteritis

The procedure of an episiotomy, which involves incising the pelvic-floor muscles to facilitate a smoother delivery, has often relied on the subjective judgment of the attending surgeon. While the intention is to minimize the probability of severe vaginal tears or delivery complications, the reality is that this practice can sometimes lead to adverse long-term effects. These include persistent pain, incontinence, heightened risk of infection, and detrimental repercussions on sexual health.

Thanks to a generous $600,000 grant from the National Science Foundation’s Boosting Research Ideas for Transformative and Equitable Advances (BRITE) program, this novel research initiative will rigorously explore the mechanics involved in episiotomies. Led by Dr. Mona Eskandari, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at UCR, along with computational modeling efforts spearheaded by Dr. Heidi Feigenbaum at NAU, the project pairs sophisticated experimental techniques with advanced computational simulations to produce a comprehensive understanding of the childbirth mechanics involved.

The phenomenon of episiotomy involves manipulating the delicate pelvic-floor muscles that are already undergoing significant softening and stretching as labor progresses. As such, these muscles are particularly vulnerable to tearing, and it becomes crucial to decipher how surgical incisions behave in this unique biomechanical context. By unraveling the factors that influence how incisions propagate, researchers believe they can foster safer and more effective surgical techniques that alleviate the suffering experienced by many postpartum women.

The bMECH lab led by Dr. Eskandari has long been at the forefront of pioneering techniques to tackle challenging biomechanics problems. Her past research endeavors include the development of specialized apparatuses and cutting-edge imaging technologies, providing novel insights into the properties of soft biological materials, including lung tissue. This rich tapestry of experience will undoubtedly add value to the current study and deepen the understanding of childbirth mechanics.

According to Dr. Feigenbaum, the implications of this research reach far beyond mere academic scrutiny of tearing during childbirth. Episiotomies often generate substantial stresses at the tip of the incision, creating conditions ripe for tearing that can further complicate delivery. A clearer grasp of when and how these incisions might expand could revolutionize the surgical approach, thereby enhancing the delivery experience for mothers and reducing trauma.

Currently, our comprehension of the stresses and resultant tears associated with episiotomies remains insufficient. Given the ethical limitations surrounding human cadaveric studies, the research team has opted to utilize rat models that share biomechanical features relevant to the human pelvic floor. This creative approach will allow for the acquisition of indispensable data that can inform future clinical practices and improve surgical outcomes for women.

Moreover, beyond merely aiming to inform surgeons about best practices, this study could disrupt entrenched notions within the biomechanics community. Dr. Eskandari notes that they are also scrutinizing how complex tissue behaviors—including nonlinear responses, finite strain characteristics, and viscoelastic properties—affect tearing propensity. These factors are often overlooked in conventional surgical planning, yet they could hold the key to more successful interventions.

As the research progresses, the findings will not only have clinical implications but may also challenge prevailing assumptions in the broader fields of biomechanics and obstetrics. A newfound understanding of pelvic tissue dynamics might prompt a reassessment of surgical techniques and assist in formulating guidelines that enhance maternal safety during what is often a critical life moment.

In conclusion, the unique collaboration between mechanical engineers and clinical researchers stands to illuminate a largely unexplored area of women’s health that has remained undiscovered for too long. Through rigorous experimental and modeling efforts, the insights garnered from this study may lead to promising advancements in surgical practice and have lasting positive implications for women everywhere.

In an age where women’s health issues command greater attention and advocacy, this research aligns perfectly with the movement towards ensuring safer and more effective healthcare treatments for mothers. As the women of today navigate the journey of childbirth, the fruits of this research endeavor could very well pave the way for a more informed and compassionate approach to delivering care in the future.

With ongoing commitment and funding, the interdisciplinary team at UCR and NAU can continue to investigate the complex interactions at play in childbirth mechanics, and their final output could redefine not only surgical precedents but also empower women to reclaim their narratives in the realm of maternal health.

While awareness surrounding the consequences of episiotomies grows, it is research like this that will provide the data-driven foundations necessary for evolving surgical practices. Knowledge is power, and as this study progresses, it hopes to empower practitioners and expectant mothers alike with improved foresight and understanding of what childbirth entails.

Through innovative research methodologies and a resolute focus on women’s health, Dr. Eskandari and her team stand poised to challenge the status quo, fostering a future where the intersection of technology and medicine improves experiences for all who participate in the miracle of birth.

Subject of Research: The biomechanics of episiotomies in childbirth
Article Title: Unveiling the Mechanics: A New Study on Episiotomies in Childbirth
News Publication Date: [Insert Date]
Web References: [Insert any relevant links]
References: [List any references if applicable]
Image Credits: Jonathan Alcorn/ UCR

Keywords: Episiotomy, Childbirth, Women’s Health, Biomechanics, Surgical Procedures, Maternal Safety, Mechanical Engineering, Clinical Research