The research team, led by Qianlan Chen of Guangxi Normal University together with colleagues from Yulin Normal University and Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, surveyed 409 managers nested within 50 forest-food enterprises across three ecologically distinct regions: Zhangjiajie, Xishuangbanna, and Changbai Mountain. These firms sit at the center of what China calls the under-forest economy, a system linking collectors and cultivators of matsutake, morel, boletus, wild vegetables, nuts, medicinal plants, and forest honey with processors, cold-chain logistics providers, wholesalers, e-commerce platforms, and specialty retailers. Because so much of this production is seasonal and geographically dispersed, conventional resilience thinking, built around inventory buffers and standardized alternatives, often fails to capture what these businesses actually face.

The authors approached the problem through what they call a reconfigurability perspective. They distinguish carefully between the broader theoretical capacity to redeploy resources and a narrower, measurable construct: reconfiguration readiness, defined as the availability of alternative sourcing channels, backup suppliers, multi-skilled personnel, and reliable operational and logistics options. Flexibility, by contrast, describes adjustment within an existing arrangement. The difference matters enormously in this setting, because a nominal backup supplier is worthless if its mushrooms do not match quality requirements, its harvest timing misses downstream windows, or its transport route cannot preserve a perishable product. Credibility of alternatives, not their mere existence, is what counts.

Methodologically, the study is notable for refusing to treat each questionnaire respondent as an independent case. Measurement quality was assessed at the respondent level, where the data showed strong internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.866 and 0.924 and average variance extracted between 0.618 and 0.707. Construct scores were then aggregated within firms, supported by intraclass correlations indicating that managers within the same company genuinely share perceptions of organizational capabilities. A seven-factor confirmatory model fit the data well, and critically, models that merged reconfiguration readiness with flexibility, agility, or the resilience outcome itself deteriorated sharply, confirming that readiness is empirically distinct from the capabilities it most resembles.

To untangle causality, the team combined two complementary techniques. Necessary Condition Analysis asks whether a minimum level of a condition places a ceiling on the attainable outcome: without enough of it, high performance simply cannot be observed. Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, or fsQCA, then identifies which combinations of conditions are sufficient to produce the outcome, allowing for equifinality, the idea that many different recipes can lead to the same result. The two methods answer different questions, and the researchers were careful not to conflate statistical association, necessity, and configurational core status.

The necessity results were striking. Reconfiguration readiness was the only condition that passed both the substantive and statistical tests of Necessary Condition Analysis, with an effect size of 0.123 and a permutation p value below 0.001, and it was also the only positive condition whose fsQCA necessity consistency exceeded the conventional 0.90 threshold, at 0.921. A bottleneck analysis sharpened the picture: readiness required only about 6.7 percent of its observed range for moderate outcome levels, but reaching 95 percent of the observed resilience range demanded at least 90.5 percent of the readiness range. In other words, the constraint becomes severe precisely where it matters most, near the upper limits of resilience. Partner resilience and capital resilience showed statistically detectable but substantively small ceiling effects, which the authors deliberately declined to inflate into claims of necessity.

The sufficiency analysis revealed five distinct configurations that generate high forest-based food supply-chain resilience, with an overall solution consistency of 0.945 and coverage of 0.883. Reconfiguration readiness appeared in every single pathway, yet in none of them as a core condition. Instead, partner resilience emerged as the core ingredient in four of the five recipes, while agility and capital resilience together formed the core of the fifth. One pathway pairs readiness with agility and financial buffers, allowing firms to recognize disruptions quickly and pay to activate alternatives. Others combine readiness with flexible operations, partner coordination, and either capital reserves or technological capability, including collaborative innovation, traceability, and process redesign. The substitution patterns are telling: technology can compensate for scarce capital, and strong relationships can substitute for cutting-edge information systems, but readiness itself can never be dropped.

The authors argue that readiness functions as an enabling constraint rather than a sufficient condition. It defines the feasible action space during disruption, while relational, agile, financial, and technological capabilities determine how firms actually exploit that space. This distinction carries a practical warning for managers. Counting backup suppliers is not the same as testing them. Alternative sources should be evaluated against product quality, certification, harvest timing, and transport feasibility; multi-skilled employees should be able to coordinate a switch across cultivation, collection, quality control, and logistics; and investment priorities should be organized around the complements a firm already possesses rather than an undifferentiated checklist. A company with strong relationships may gain most from technological learning, while a firm with deep financial reserves may need better information processing instead.

The findings survived extensive robustness checks. Raising truth-table frequency and consistency thresholds, and recalibrating the fuzzy-set anchors using alternative percentiles, left the five pathways intact, with the alternative calibration reproducing all five configurations at a consistency of 0.950 and coverage of 0.886, and maintaining the necessity of readiness with an effect size of 0.110 and fsQCA consistency of 0.926. The authors are candid about limitations: the 50 firms are not nationally representative, the cross-sectional design captures set relations rather than temporal sequences, common-method variance cannot be fully excluded, and the regional subsamples are too small for separate configurational solutions. They call for longitudinal, event-based studies that follow firms through actual disruption episodes to test whether readiness precedes the activation of complementary capabilities.

What makes this study resonate beyond mountain China is its reframing of how resilience is built. The results suggest that resilience is a portfolio property, produced by configurations rather than by maximizing every capability at once, and that the marginal value of any investment depends on what else a firm already holds. For anyone concerned with food security in an era of climate volatility, the message is precise: before a disruption arrives, build credible, tested alternatives; after it arrives, rely on the relationships, information speed, finances, or technology that turn those alternatives into operational reality. In the forests where matsutake and honey depend on ecological caprice, that layered architecture may be the difference between a supply chain that breaks and one that bends and recovers.

Subject of Research: Organizational capabilities and supply-chain resilience in forest-based food systems

Article Title: Forest-food supply chain resilience in mountain outdoor regions: a reconfigurability perspective

Article References: Chen, Q., Liang, H., Deng, X., & Ren, Y. (2026). Forest-food supply chain resilience in mountain outdoor regions: a reconfigurability perspective. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 10, Article 1962537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2026.1962537

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2026.1962537

Keywords: forest foods, supply-chain resilience, reconfigurability, fsQCA, Necessary Condition Analysis, mountain regions, edible fungi, honey, China, non-timber forest products, partner resilience, reconfiguration readiness