The Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve, spanning 30,000 hectares in northwestern Guizhou Province near the borders of Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality, is a globally significant conservation area. Elevations range from 330 to 1,730 meters above sea level within a mid-subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, where annual mean temperatures sit between 12.7 and 17.7 degrees Celsius, annual precipitation reaches 1,200 to 1,300 millimeters, and average relative humidity hovers around 90 percent. More than half of the reserve, 56.3 percent, consists of well-preserved primary forest. Its striking Danxia landforms, characterized by vivid red sandstone cliffs and deep, humid ravines, form a critical reservoir of genetic resources for flora and fauna, serving as both refuge and habitat for numerous endangered and endemic species.

Despite this biological richness, the millipede fauna of the reserve had never been documented. In 2024, a field survey was conducted to investigate diplopod diversity, with specimens collected by tweezers from several sites between roughly 496 and 1,278 meters in elevation and preserved in 75 percent ethanol. All specimens are deposited in the Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China. Millipedes are a vital component of soil macrofauna, playing a significant role in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, and they are most diverse and abundant in humid temperate, subtropical, and tropical forest environments. While China is recognized as a major reservoir of biodiversity, its millipede fauna remains substantially understudied, making focused local-level surveys increasingly essential for uncovering hidden diversity in previously underexplored habitats.

The first of the two new species, Hyleoglomeris erecta, belongs to the family Glomeridae, the pill millipedes capable of rolling into a ball. Males of this species can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the telopods, the specialized male reproductive legs, being erect and not curved basally. The species is morphologically similar to Hyleoglomeris bicolor from Hong Kong and Hyleoglomeris tiani from Hunan, as they share relatively erect telopods, but the new species can be distinguished from H. tiani by male legs 17 having four podomeres rather than three, a stout rather than slender femoral trichostele, a digitiform rather than broad femoral process, and a short, small tibial process. It differs from H. bicolor by having a slightly concave syncoxial notch on male legs 18, a mesally directed prefemoral trichostele, a femoral trichostele slightly larger than the femoral process, a distally directed tibial process, and by lacking a small microsetose tubercle on the tibia.

The holotype of H. erecta measures approximately 15.9 millimeters in length with a thoracic shield width of about 7.1 millimeters, while paratypes range from 14.9 to 20.0 millimeters in males and 15.7 to 27.4 millimeters in females. The head is brownish-black with a yellow labrum, the thoracic shield is yellow with a central X-shaped brownish-black pattern, and the remaining terga are brownish-black with a yellow central dorsal line and irregular yellow patterns on the lateral sides. The specific epithet means “erect,” referring to the distal segment of the telopod being erect, unlike other species in the genus where it typically curves inwards in a pincer-like shape. The species is known only from the type locality. To date, 36 species of Hyleoglomeris have been recorded from China, and the new species represents the 37th species recorded in the country and the 11th known from Guizhou Province.

The second new species, Sellanucheza tumida, belongs to the family Paradoxosomatidae and is distinguished by the conspicuously swollen femorite of the gonopod, the short and slightly bifid solenophore, the shapes of the gonopodal processes, and the swollen male leg 10 femora. The species closely resembles Sellanucheza hoffmani from Vietnam in its external characteristics and the general arrangement of gonopodal processes, but it differs in possessing a swollen gonopodal femorite, an erect and spine-like process b rather than a slightly curved one, and process a being broad and laminate at the tip rather than spine-like. Among species recorded from China, it can be distinguished from S. jaegeri from Shaanxi and Chongqing by its swollen femorite and very shortly bifid solenophore tip, and from S. tenebra and S. typica from Sichuan by its relatively shorter solenophore, which is extremely long and coiled into a circular shape in the latter two species.

The holotype of S. tumida measures 26.5 millimeters in length and 3.0 millimeters in width, with paratypes ranging from 27.9 to 30.8 millimeters in males and 30.9 to 38.9 millimeters in females. The head is brown with pale yellow labrum and antennal sockets, the metaterga bear a wide pale transverse band extending laterally across the paraterga, and the legs are yellow. The specific epithet derives from the Latin tumidus, meaning “swollen,” referring to the swollen femorite of the gonopod. This genus belongs to the tribe Sulciferini and currently comprises six species known from China and Vietnam, with three species recorded in China distributed in Shaanxi, Chongqing, and Sichuan. The new species represents the first record of this genus from Guizhou Province.

Beyond the two new species, the survey yielded several significant new provincial records. The order Julida and the family Julidae are recorded from Guizhou for the first time through the discovery of Nepalmatoiulus sichuanensis, whose type locality in Mianning, Sichuan sits at 3,360 meters above sea level while the current collection site in Chishui lies at roughly 930 meters. The morphological consistency between these populations confirms the taxonomic identification and reveals a remarkable elevational plasticity, aligning with the general patterns of the genus Nepalmatoiulus, which exhibits a distinct montane predilection. Four genera, Niponia, Sellanucheza, Tylopus, and Nepalmatoiulus, and four species, Niponia nodulosa, Kronopolites biagrilectus, Tylopus nigromarginatus, and Nepalmatoiulus sichuanensis, are recorded from Guizhou Province for the first time. The greenhouse millipede Oxidus gracilis, a cosmopolitan species attaining worldwide distribution through human-mediated dispersal, was likewise collected from habitats in close proximity to human settlements.

Notably, specimens of Kronopolites biagrilectus from Chishui exhibit a certain degree of morphological variation among different populations, particularly in the length and curvature of gonopodal processes, suggesting that future molecular investigations are required to ascertain the possible existence of cryptic diversity. Similarly, specimens of Tylopus nigromarginatus agree morphologically with the original description except for their coloration, with the Chishui specimens possessing a dark brown head and collum and wing-shaped brown patches along the anterior margins of the metaterga. The findings demonstrate strong biogeographical affinities between the millipede fauna of Chishui and those of the adjacent Sichuan and Chongqing areas, filling a significant lacuna in the provincial faunal list.

However, the survey should be considered preliminary, and the actual millipede diversity within the reserve is likely far greater than reported. During fieldwork, several specimens were collected that could not be identified to the species level because they were juveniles, including representatives from the orders Chordeumatida, Spirobolida, and Polydesmida. The presence of these additional taxa indicates that the taxonomic richness of the reserve extends well beyond the eight species formally identified. Given the complex terrain and the seasonal activity of millipedes, many species with cryptic lifestyles or narrow phenological windows were likely overlooked. The current work provides only a snapshot of the reserve’s soil biodiversity, and future investigations utilizing more intensive, multi-seasonal sampling are essential to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the diplopod community in this unique Danxia ecosystem.

Subject of Research: First faunistic survey of millipedes in Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve, China, describing two new species and new provincial records.

Article Title: Millipedes ( Diplopoda ) from the Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve, China, with description of two new species

Article References: Jiang, X., Liu, B., & Chen, H. (2026). Millipedes (Diplopoda) from the Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve, China, with description of two new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 102(3), 767-782. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.102.185791

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.185791

Keywords: millipedes, Diplopoda, new species, taxonomy, biodiversity, China, Guizhou, Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve, Zoosystematics and Evolution, invertebrates, Chishui, Alsophila

The rediscovery matters because E. dobatorum is not just any millipede. When the American myriapodologist Richard Hoffman described it in 1973, he was so struck by its unusual combination of traits that he created an entirely new subfamily, Euxinopetalinae, for what he called a remarkable new form. The species is tiny by callipodidan standards, with males measuring only 13 to 15 millimeters and females 15.5 to 23 millimeters. It also has an exceptionally low number of body segments, an undivided hypoproct at the rear of the body, distinctive gonopods, and, most peculiarly, a rudimentary second pair of legs in females, a feature not found in any other genus of the family Schizopetalidae. Until now, the species was known only from the original description, based on a single male and a single female from two caves in Zonguldak Province.

The new material consists of three males and one female collected on 18 August 2020 by Mert Elverici in Heracles Cave, part of the Cehennem Ağzı Caves complex near the town of Ereğli. The specimens are now deposited in the Biodiversity Science Museum at Atatürk University in Erzurum, the Institute of Zoology at the University of Belgrade, and the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien in Vienna. The collection site lies in a fossil, narrow lateral passage that falls entirely within the dark zone of the cave, far from the transformed and illuminated main gallery that tourists walk through daily. The environment is an oligotrophic subterranean ecosystem with an extremely low abundance of organisms, where roots occasionally penetrate the ceilings from the surface world above.

Heracles Cave itself carries extraordinary historical and mythological weight. The three closely located caverns of the complex, known in direct translation from Turkish as Hell’s Mouth Caves, are linked to the story of Hercules and his descent into the Underworld. According to Greek mythology, this is where Hercules entered Hades to capture Cerberus, the three-headed guard dog of the Underworld, as part of his Twelfth Labour. The area is also associated with the ancient city of Herakleia Pontica, named after Hercules, and the modern Turkish name Ereğli is a derivative of Herakleia. The caves are sometimes called the Acheron Caves, after the ancient name of the nearby river, further tying the site to mythological depictions of the Underworld. That a scientific rarity has survived in a cave visited by many people daily adds a conservation dimension to the story.

Technically, the examination of the new specimens relied on a combination of stereo microscopy, compound microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Specimens preserved in 70 percent ethanol were studied with Nikon SMZ745T, Nikon SMZ1270, and Zeiss Stemi 2000-C binocular stereo microscopes. Images of body structures were captured with a Nikon DS-Fi2 camera on a Nikon SMZ1270, while dissected gonopods mounted in glycerin were photographed with a Canon PowerShot A80 digital camera connected to a Carl Zeiss Axioscope 40 compound microscope. Focal stacking with Zerene Stacker Professional produced sharp composite images of these minute structures. For scanning electron microscopy, samples were dehydrated in an ascending alcohol series, treated with acetone, air dried, mounted on aluminum stubs with sticky aluminum tape, coated with platinum using a Leica EM SCD500, and examined with a JEOL JSM 6610-LV scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 15 kilovolts. After imaging, all parts were returned to ethanol, and live animals were photographed in the field with a Nikon D7000 camera and a macro lens.

The morphological analysis confirmed the defining features of the species. Living animals are brownish grey, with black ommatidia, the individual units of the compound eye-like field on the head, arranged in a subtriangular field of 33 to 35 units. The body carries 36 segments including the telson in all four specimens, with metazonae bearing roughly 16 plus 16 longitudinal crests and ozopores, the defensive gland openings, positioned between the fourth and fifth crests. The female shows a pair of white anterodorsal spots on segment 3 and a vestigial second leg pair, triangular in shape with a coxa and one visible podomere covered by long setae. The gonopods, the male copulatory structures that serve as the primary basis for species identification in millipedes, are relatively simple and lack sternal remnants. Each telopodite is columnar and distally bifurcated, with a lateral branch carrying a digitiform rounded lobe and an acuminate or bifurcated lamella, and a mesal branch bearing three processes: a solenomere, a medial process parallel to it, and a trifurcated, partly lamellar mesal process. The vulvae of the female are extruded very long and tubular.

The comparison with Hoffman’s original description reveals intriguing discrepancies. Hoffman recorded males about 15 millimeters long and a female about 23 millimeters long, each with 38 segments. The newly collected individuals are smaller, with males 13 to 13.5 millimeters and the female 15.5 millimeters, and they have two segments fewer, 36 in total. The second leg pair of the examined female, while reduced, shows a clearly visible podomere and long setae on both parts, slightly different from Hoffman’s description of minute biramous vestiges. The authors note that it cannot be ruled out that Hoffman’s female belongs to a different species. The study also corrects a small error in the original gonopod description, clarifying that what Hoffman labeled as process 6 on the mesal branch of the telopodite is actually part of process 3, and confirming that the telopodite attaches to the posterior side of the coxa, as Hoffman correctly stated on one page of his monograph but contradicted on another.

The rediscovery also settles a long-standing question about the type locality. Hoffman gave the type locality as Cave Nr. 2, Indere, 2 kilometers northwest of Ereğli, without further details, but he noted that the Austrian zoologist Hans Strouhal had described the exact cave in 1971 when describing new isopod species from the same site. By comparing Strouhal’s cave plan of Höhle 2 with the newly documented plan of Heracles Cave, the authors established that the two refer to the same cavern. The second site mentioned by Hoffman, Kapuz Cave in the city center of Zonguldak about 40 kilometers northeast of Ereğli, could indicate a wider distribution range for this troglophilic species in the karst landscape of the western Black Sea, but differences in the structure of the female second leg pair raise the possibility that the two records represent two distinct species.

Beyond the rediscovery itself, the new specimens carry significant implications for understanding body size evolution in the order Callipodida. Most callipodidans are medium-sized to large animals, and the largest representatives, found in the schizopetalid genera Eurygyrus and Apfelbeckia, can grow to 10 centimeters or more. Small species within the family Schizopetalidae exist but are uncommon, and the only extant schizopetalid comparable in size to E. dobatorum is Schizopetalum koelbeli, with a body length of 17.5 to 20 millimeters. Miniature callipodidans also occur in the families Dorypetalidae and Tynommatidae, with the smallest representatives measuring 12 to 13 millimeters. Small body size is usually associated with a reduced number of body segments, and the newly collected individuals of E. dobatorum, with 36 segments including the telson, now represent callipodidans with the lowest recorded segment number in adults. The only species of the order known to be smaller is the fossil Burmanopetalum inexpectatum from Cretaceous amber, with a holotype female of 8.2 millimeters and 36 segments.

The authors hypothesize, following earlier work on the fossil species, that the small body and reduced segment number in Callipodida, including E. dobatorum, may be features inherited from the ancestral form shared by Callipodida and Chordeumatida. The study also highlights the broader context of Turkish cave biology. The millipede fauna of Turkey remains poorly known, with only about 140 species recorded from the entire country, and just 18 species of Callipodida from five genera and two families. As recent surveys have emphasized, several new and little-known cave-dwelling taxa have been discovered or rediscovered in recent years thanks to the efforts of Turkish cave biologists. Despite the fine original description of E. dobatorum, the authors judged that new data and illustrations of the species would be helpful for future studies of the order. Half a century after its description, this mythological cave dweller is finally back on the scientific record, photographed in life and under the electron microscope, and ready to answer questions about miniature body plans in an order of giants.

Subject of Research: Rediscovery of the cave-dwelling millipede Euxinopetalum dobatorum in Turkey after more than 50 years

Article Title: Rediscovery of Euxinopetalum dobatorum Hoffman, 1973 ( Diplopoda , Callipodida , Schizopetalidae ) in Turkey

Article References: Antić, D., Aleksić, T., Milovanović, J., & Elverici, M. (2024). Rediscovery of Euxinopetalum dobatorum Hoffman, 1973 (Diplopoda, Callipodida, Schizopetalidae) in Turkey. Caucasiana, 3, 223-234. https://doi.org/10.3897/caucasiana.3.e137308

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3897/caucasiana.3.e137308

Keywords: millipede, Euxinopetalum dobatorum, Callipodida, Schizopetalidae, Turkey, cave biology, taxonomy, rediscovery, Zonguldak, Heracles Cave, Euxinopetalum, dobatorum