The award underscores Dr. Nathan’s seminal contributions to elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning innate immunity, particularly the ways in which the immune system combats infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and cancer. His research has unraveled critical aspects of the immune system’s functionality that were once shrouded in mystery. At the upcoming National Academy of Medicine Annual Meeting on October 19, Dr. Nathan will receive a medal and a monetary prize of $50,000, a portion of which he intends to donate to BioBus, a Harlem-based science engagement program aimed at inspiring young minds in STEM fields.

Dr. Nathan’s journey began over five decades ago, starting as a medical student during a revolutionary epoch for immunology. From 1969 to 1971 at Harvard University, he witnessed the nascent stages of a burgeoning discipline where fundamental immune system components were being defined. A critical breakthrough during this time was the discovery of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for secreting antibodies to fend off infections. Dr. Nathan’s curiosity was piqued by a profound question: how exactly does a living immune cell destroy another living pathogen?

Pursuing this question, his research identified that lymphocytes secrete more than just antibodies. He uncovered that these cells release a glycoprotein dubbed macrophage-activating factor (MAF), which primes macrophages — another subset of immune white blood cells — to enhance their bactericidal and tumoricidal capacities. This discovery defied prevailing dogma, which had strictly compartmentalized immune functions. The identification of MAF suggested a complex interplay of cellular factors regulating immune responses, broadening the horizon of immunological research.

After his oncology fellowship at Yale University and achieving oncology board certification, Dr. Nathan commenced his pioneering laboratory research at The Rockefeller University in 1977, continuing his focus on glycoproteins. He revealed that MAF was in fact interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a cytokine that stimulates macrophages to eliminate infected or abnormal cells. This paradigm-shifting discovery provided a novel therapeutic vantage point, especially in treating diseases previously deemed untreatable. It also raised pivotal questions about the role of IFN-γ deficiencies, particularly concerning susceptibility to tuberculosis, a lethal infectious disease with a staggering global toll.

Dr. Nathan’s work extended beyond cytokines into the biochemical mechanisms that empower macrophages and neutrophils. His lab elucidated the roles of reactive oxygen intermediates and nitric oxide, biochemical agents instrumental in enhancing the microbial killing capacity of these immune cells. This insight refined the understanding of innate immunity, highlighting intricate cellular machinery that protects the host from pathogens at a molecular level, and illuminated new targets for immunomodulatory therapies.

Perhaps one of Dr. Nathan’s most startling findings was the identification of a proteasome within Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogenic bacterium responsible for TB. Prior to this, the existence of proteasomes in bacteria was not recognized. The proteasome is a protein degradation complex, crucial for regulating protein homeostasis within cells. Discovering its presence in Mtb not only expanded the biological landscape of bacterial cell biology but also opened entirely new therapeutic avenues.

This revelation led to the development of proteasome inhibitors that selectively target the Mtb proteasome, disrupting protein degradation and effectively killing the bacteria. This approach was revolutionary compared to traditional antibiotics focused on thwarting protein synthesis. Targeting the proteasome signified a novel antimicrobial strategy with potential selectivity that could spare human proteasomes, minimizing side effects. The concept has since broadened to research on pathogen-specific proteasome inhibitors against other infectious agents, including malaria parasites, Leishmania, and the protozoan parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness.

Dr. Nathan’s influence extends beyond his laboratory discoveries. He has chaired the Open Lab Foundation, collaborating with pharmaceutical giants such as GSK in Spain, and has played a central role in large-scale initiatives like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s TB Drug Accelerator program and the NIH-funded Tri-Institutional TB Research Unit. His dedication to translational research has bridged the gap between bench science and clinical application, amplifying the impact of his work on global health.

Elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 1998 and later to the National Academy of Sciences in 2011, Dr. Nathan’s career reflects a lifelong commitment to scientific exploration and mentorship. He often speaks of the serendipitous nature of scientific discovery, emphasizing the importance of following unexpected findings. For Dr. Nathan, the journey of science is profoundly collective; the diverse perspectives and insights of students and postdoctoral researchers have been pivotal components of his success and the progression of his lab’s endeavors.

Currently, Dr. Nathan’s research remains laser-focused on unraveling the pathways dictating host-pathogen interactions that determine susceptibility and resistance to tuberculosis. Despite the emergence of new infectious threats like COVID-19, TB continues to be the leading infectious cause of death globally, overshadowing many viral pandemics. Dr. Nathan describes TB as a “standing pandemic,” underscoring its persistent and formidable challenge to global health.

His ongoing work is emblematic of a broader scientific imperative: to develop innovative approaches that can outpace the adaptability of pathogens like Mtb. By dissecting host immunity and pathogen biology in tandem, his research endeavors to inform next-generation therapies that can effectively combat TB and potentially other infectious diseases. This dual focus holds promise for durable solutions to persistent global health threats.

Dr. Nathan’s choice to support BioBus further illustrates his dedication to fostering the next generation of scientists. By investing in community-based educational programs, he champions a future in which scientific curiosity and knowledge extend beyond academia into broader society. His career not only exemplifies scientific excellence but also reflects a holistic vision for science as a societal enterprise.

The David and Beatrix Hamburg Award arrives as a fitting recognition of Dr. Nathan’s transformative impact on biomedical science and human health. His story embodies the relentless quest for knowledge, the integration of clinical insight with laboratory innovation, and a profound commitment to improving lives worldwide through science.

Subject of Research: Immunology and Microbiology with a focus on innate immunity, tuberculosis, and proteasome biology in pathogens.

Article Title: Dr. Carl F. Nathan Honored with National Academy of Medicine’s David and Beatrix Hamburg Award for Pioneering Biomedical Research

News Publication Date: Not explicitly stated in the content; inferred as before October 19 (the award ceremony date).

Web References:

• Dr. Carl F. Nathan VIVO profile: https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/cwid-cnathan
• BioBus: https://www.biobus.org/
• WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2024: https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024

Image Credits: Weill Cornell Medicine

Keywords: Microbiology, Human biology, Immunology, Tuberculosis, Interferon-gamma, Proteasome, Infectious diseases, Innate immunity, Biomedical research

H. pylori is a well-documented opportunistic pathogen, primarily affecting the gastric mucosa and contributing to various gastrointestinal diseases, including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Despite its long-recognized affiliation with these conditions, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which it modulates host immune processes remain poorly understood. The research by Zhang et al. addresses this critical gap by focusing on the role of miR-223, a small non-coding RNA that plays a pivotal role in regulating inflammation and immune responses.

MicroRNAs are integral to the regulation of gene expression, affecting various biological processes, including apoptosis, differentiation, and the immune response. Among them, miR-223 has emerged as a significant player in neutrophil biology, where it influences neutrophil maturation, survival, and inflammatory responses. The research team hypothesized that H. pylori infection could interfere with miR-223 expression, subsequently affecting neutrophil behavior and function. Their meticulous investigations revealed that H. pylori indeed downregulates the expression of miR-223, leading to altered neutrophil activation states.

What does this mean for our understanding of inflammatory processes? By elucidating the relationship between H. pylori and miR-223, this research underscores a crucial immunomodulatory mechanism. The dampening of miR-223 levels in neutrophils seems to lead to a more prolonged and potentially uncontrolled inflammatory response. This dysregulation contrasts with the typical role of miR-223, where it serves to restrain excessive neutrophil activation and, consequently, tissue damage due to inflammation.

In light of these findings, it is essential to reflect on the potential clinical implications. Helicobacter pylori infection is global in scope, with billions of individuals infected worldwide, many of whom remain asymptomatic yet at increased risk for severe gastrointestinal conditions. Understanding how miR-223 is modulated during infection could open new avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring normal miRNA levels and mitigating inflammation. Therapeutics that target the modulation of miR-223 could represent a novel strategy for managing H. pylori-related diseases.

The research team employed an array of techniques, including quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, to assess miR-223 expression in neutrophils from infected patients. What became apparent from their findings is that even in the presence of inflammatory stimuli, the levels of miR-223 were compromised in the context of H. pylori infection. This raises further questions about how H. pylori manages to manipulate host cellular machinery to establish a favorable environment for its persistence.

Furthermore, the research also investigated the downstream effects of miR-223 dysregulation, revealing that the downregulation leads to a cascade of effects on various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. As neutrophils serve as one of the first lines of defense during infection, understanding H. pylori’s ability to exploit these immune cells gives critical insight into chronic inflammation’s contribution to pathogenesis in the gastric mucosa.

It is crucial to recognize that the implications of Zhang et al.’s study extend beyond H. pylori. The principles unveiled regarding miRNA regulation and the host-pathogen interaction might also be applicable to various bacterial pathogens, potentially leading to broader insights into bacterial manipulation of the immune response.

Moreover, ongoing research efforts will need to examine how these findings translate into larger populations and diverse patient demographics. The dynamic interplay between microbiota and the immune system can differ markedly among individuals, influenced by genetic, dietary, and environmental factors.

In summary, Zhang, Y., Xu, C., and Zhong’s research marks a pivotal moment in understanding how bacterial infections shape immune responses at the molecular level. The downregulation of miR-223 in neutrophils delineates a sophisticated mechanism through which H. pylori alters local immune dynamics, potentially contributing to chronic disease outcomes. As the scientific community delves deeper into the role of microRNAs in host-pathogen interactions, it becomes increasingly clear that these small molecules may hold the key to unlocking new therapeutic modalities for combatting chronic infections and inflammation.

This exciting research also opens up further avenues for exploration, such as the relationship between miR-223 and other forms of gastrointestinal pathology, and whether manipulating miR-223 could also affect responses to other pathogens. With further validation, the potential exists for miR-223 to serve not only as a biomarker for H. pylori infection but also as a target for novel interventions that could enhance host resistance to infection or reduce the risk of progression to more severe disease states.

As we move forward, the integration of such findings into clinical practice may revolutionize approaches to managing H. pylori infections and associated diseases—an undeniable advance in the field of microbiology and translational medicine.

Subject of Research: The impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on miR-223 expression in neutrophils.

Article Title: H. pylori infection downregulates the expression and release of miR-223 in neutrophils.

Article References: Zhang, Y., Xu, C., Zhong, HM. et al. H. pylori infection downregulates the expression and release of miR-223 in neutrophils. Int Microbiol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00660-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00660-9

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, microRNA, miR-223, neutrophils, immune response, inflammation, gastrointestinal diseases, pathogenic bacteria.