The study, the first of its kind conducted in Türkiye, used individual semi-structured interviews with four first-time mothers and six women who had given birth before, with a mean age of 29 years. Interviews lasted 30 to 40 minutes and were analyzed using the thematic analysis framework of Braun and Clarke, with recruitment continuing until data saturation was reached. Three dominant themes emerged from the analysis: avoidance of sexuality, maintaining sexuality as a responsibility, and coping with the effects of breastfeeding on sexuality. Within these, the researchers identified six subthemes ranging from physical and psychological changes in sexual dynamics to religious and cultural influences, the fulfillment of the female role, changing perceptions of breasts, and the coping strategies women improvised to manage it all.

The physiological backdrop is well established in the literature. Breastfeeding elevates prolactin, the hormone that drives milk production, while suppressing estrogen. The result is a hormonal profile that commonly produces vaginal dryness, reduced libido, and altered sexual responsiveness. A 2025 meta-analysis cited by the authors found that sexual dysfunction was common among postpartum women regardless of feeding method, but rates were highest among those who exclusively breastfed. The mothers in the new study described these mechanisms in visceral, personal terms. One participant who had a vaginal birth with stitches compared resuming intercourse to her very first sexual experience, describing fear, excitement, desire, and obligation all mixed together, and recounting how she tensed up so severely that her husband had to stop. Another, recovering from a cesarean section, reported stinging sensations at her incision sites nearly six months after delivery.

Vaginal dryness emerged as one of the most distressing physical consequences. One mother described using Vaseline to manage severe dryness and pain so intense that she felt sensitivity for two days afterward, even while urinating. She explained that the anticipation of pain had become self-reinforcing: whenever her husband wanted sex, she would tense her legs in expectation of discomfort, to the point that her husband said he no longer enjoyed it either. Breast fullness, tingling sensations, and milk leakage during intimacy further disrupted sexual encounters, with several women reporting that any attempt to touch their breasts triggered pain or an immediate loss of desire.

But the study’s most revealing findings lie beyond physiology. The psychological weight of breastfeeding shaped sexual experiences in ways that clinical checklists rarely capture. Mothers described chronic fatigue and sleep deprivation, the fear of waking the baby, and anxiety about becoming pregnant again while breastfeeding. One woman recalled a relative who conceived during breastfeeding with only a 13-month gap between children, a pregnancy with twins that left her devastated, and said the same fear haunted her. Others described what one participant called rushed sex: intercourse squeezed into narrow windows before the baby woke, stripped of foreplay and pleasure. She noted that before the child, the couple had sex two or three times a week; now they were grateful for twice a month. Several women reported being unable to reach orgasm at all, and one captured a broader exhaustion, saying that being a woman meant being responsible for the child and the husband while no one asked what she wanted or how she coped.

Feelings of disgust and shame surfaced repeatedly, particularly around the collision of maternal and sexual meanings attached to the breasts. One mother recalled her husband mockingly telling her she smelled of milk while kissing her, a comment she laughed off but which hurt deeply. Another described an incident in which leaked milk soaked her husband’s arm; he initially mistook it for the baby’s urine, and she felt extreme embarrassment, saying she felt like a cow rather than a woman. The same participant described a distinct form of guilt: when milk leaked during sex, she thought of her baby and felt the milk that should be feeding her child was being wasted. These accounts illustrate how lactation can reframe the breast so thoroughly that its sexual role becomes psychologically untenable.

Religious and cultural norms added a further layer, and here the Turkish context proved essential to the study’s contribution. Several participants described avoiding intercourse specifically because of the requirement to perform ghusl, the full ritual ablution required after sexual intercourse before a woman could breastfeed her baby. One mother said she sometimes avoided intercourse for this reason alone, and described rushing to the bathroom to perform ablution while the baby cried in the father’s arms, explaining that she wanted her baby to receive clean milk. Household structure mattered as well: mothers living with in-laws or extended family reported being unable to embrace their husbands, let alone have sex, because an elder might enter the room at any moment. One participant said intimacy with a spouse while elders were in the house felt inappropriate and embarrassing. Even the baby’s presence in the bedroom created a sense of being watched, with one mother insisting the couple had never had sex in front of their child because it felt as though someone was observing them.

Perhaps the most sobering theme was sexuality maintained as duty rather than desire. Multiple women described continuing to have intercourse primarily to satisfy their partners, framing it as a responsibility of their female or spousal role. One mother said her motherhood outweighed everything and her femininity came second, and that if she did not have responsibilities toward her husband she would not force herself to have sex at all. Another asked directly whether it was not a woman’s duty to satisfy her husband, saying she felt she could not fulfill her role as a woman. Alongside this, the study documented how breastfeeding redefined the breasts themselves. Many women came to see them as organs belonging to the infant, instruments of nourishment rather than pleasure, and negotiated explicit agreements with partners that the breasts would not be touched during sex. Yet the picture was not uniformly negative: some participants reported that lactation-related breast enlargement improved their body image and their partners’ attraction, with one hoping the change would persist after weaning.

The women were not passive in the face of these challenges. The researchers catalogued a range of coping practices: keeping bras on during intercourse to contain leakage, expressing milk in advance with a breast pump, setting boundaries about breast contact, and, for some, simply adopting a patient stance that the difficulties would pass with time, as they had after previous births. Notably, participants also called for better education, with one urging that men be taught what their wives experience during breastfeeding so they understand the process. The authors argue that these adaptive strategies, which include redefining intimacy and prioritizing emotional closeness over penetrative sex, may function as a protective factor for relational and sexual well-being, though the exploratory design prevents firm conclusions about their effectiveness.

The study’s limitations are real: a single center, Turkish-speaking participants only, a small sample that cannot be generalized, and a mix of delivery types whose recovery demands may have independently shaped sexual activity. Still, its central message carries broad clinical weight. Breastfeeding and sexuality are intertwined through physical, psychological, social, cultural, and religious threads, and the meanings women attach to milk and motherhood matter as much as prolactin levels. The researchers recommend that healthcare professionals address breastfeeding, breast milk, and sexuality together within breastfeeding education programs, provide individualized and culturally sensitive guidance for couples, and integrate the topic into prenatal education. For the mothers in this study, the tension between being a partner and being a mother was not a passing inconvenience but a defining struggle of the postpartum months, one that most had never been warned about, and one that a more honest conversation between clinicians and couples could help ease.

Subject of Research: Breastfeeding mothers' perceptions and experiences of breast milk and sexuality during the postpartum period

Article Title: Being a Partner or a Mother: Breastfeeding Mothers’ Perceptions and Experiences of Breast Milk and Sexuality in the Postpartum Period

Article References: Akbaş, P., & Özkan Şat, S. (2026). Being a Partner or a Mother: Breastfeeding Mothers’ Perceptions and Experiences of Breast Milk and Sexuality in the Postpartum Period. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-026-03540-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s10508-026-03540-z

Keywords: breastfeeding, postpartum sexuality, breast milk, qualitative research, prolactin, vaginal dryness, religious norms, maternal role, body image, Türkiye, sexual dysfunction, coping strategies