The scale of the challenge is enormous. According to the International Labour Organisation, over 2 billion people, approximately 61 percent of the global workforce, earn their livelihoods through informal employment, with the highest concentration in developing and emerging economies. Across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, micro, small, and medium enterprises account for more than 90 percent of businesses and generate roughly 70 percent of employment opportunities. Yet a significant proportion of these enterprises operate informally, limiting their access to finance, government support programs, quality assurance systems, and regional markets. As regional trade initiatives such as the African Continental Free Trade Area gain momentum, informal enterprises risk being bypassed entirely because they cannot meet certification requirements or regulatory obligations.

Behavioural economics offers a technical explanation for why entrepreneurs stay outside formal systems even when formalisation could bring benefits. Informal business operators often exhibit present bias, weighting immediate compliance costs more heavily than future gains. Status quo bias encourages continued dependence on familiar informal practices, while complex administrative procedures increase cognitive load and discourage engagement with formal institutions. Loss aversion makes the pain of upfront registration fees feel more intense than the pleasure of equivalent future rewards. Decision fatigue, bounded rationality, and effort-minimisation heuristics lead many informal actors to postpone or avoid formalisation, a pattern observed across developing contexts from Uganda and Bangladesh to South Africa, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Brazil.

Kenya’s standards framework is anchored in legislation including the Standards Act, the Trade Descriptions Act, and the Weights and Measures Act, which collectively aim to establish certification, enforcement, and surveillance across sectors. However, the review identifies a fundamental structural gap: Kenya enforces a universal compliance model that applies equally to micro, small, and large firms, requiring them to meet the same standards, processes, and documentation demands. Behavioural evidence shows that small enterprises confronted with high upfront costs, complex administration, and substantial cognitive demands experience decision fatigue and choice overload, prioritising immediate survival over long-term compliance benefits. Only 23 percent of SMEs comply with Kenya standards compared with nearly 77 percent of large firms.

The review also highlights how Kenya’s standards system remains constrained by its focus on traditional supply chains. The Kenya Bureau of Standards’ primary enforcement instruments, such as the Pre-Export Verification of Conformity, Diamond Mark, and Standardisation Mark, are tailored for offline inspections and physical markets. These processes create high-friction costs requiring interactions with multiple agencies, manual paperwork, and travel. In contrast, nations such as India and South Africa have undertaken initiatives involving real-time monitoring systems, platform-integrated automated digital certification tools, and compliance prompts that reduce cognitive hurdles by integrating compliance seamlessly into traders’ daily routines.

Kenya’s e-commerce sector presents additional behavioural challenges. Digital commerce revenue reached USD 900 million in 2024, with an expected penetration rate of 53.6 percent by 2025. When incorporating social commerce channels, the overall digital transaction value is estimated at approximately US$3.1 to 4 billion in 2024. Yet the adoption of standards and compliance remains limited due to both legislative gaps and behavioural barriers. The lack of real-time monitoring tools, automated seller verification, and digital nudges on platforms like Masoko, Jiji, Kilimall, Jumia, and Copia allows informal practices to persist without oversight. Sellers experience cognitive overload, limited visibility into compliance obligations, and a minimal perceived risk of enforcement, which together sustain non-compliance.

The consequences are measurable. With 31 percent of online transactions involving counterfeit items and nearly 70 percent of consumers unknowingly purchasing fakes, the market demonstrates significant moral hazard. Sellers aware that detection is unlikely and penalties are minimal are motivated to misrepresent their products, while consumers lacking reliable verification tools rely on heuristics such as popularity or price, often to their disadvantage. Manipulated ratings and reviews further distort consumer decision-making as individuals rely on social proof that may be artificially inflated. For legitimate MSMEs, this creates an uneven competitive landscape where they must contend with unscrupulous competitors who face lower compliance costs and can underprice them.

The researchers propose a framework featuring informal MSME-specific graduated standards, platform-based seller verification, and digital market surveillance aimed at fostering trust and reducing compliance friction. A tiered standards system would serve as the default compliance route, automatically assigning micro and small enterprises to a baseline level and allowing them to advance gradually as capacity improves. Pre-filled application forms, digital dashboards, and peer benchmarking would leverage effort-reduction heuristics, nudges, and social proof to reduce friction costs. Platform design should incorporate compliance defaults during seller onboarding, with verified badges, trust markers, and quality ratings triggering loss aversion and reputation incentives that shape seller conduct and influence consumer choices.

The third component involves developing a specialised digital market-surveillance policy encompassing both technological and behavioural strategies. Automated web-scraping tools would function as consistent surveillance mechanisms monitoring listings for risky sellers or false claims. Predictive analytics guided by behavioural indicators such as suspicious pricing, repeated product delistings, and high return rates would assist regulators in concentrating enforcement through a targeted-risk strategy. For sellers who frequently violate rules, introducing small intentional obstacles like requiring extra verification before relisting uses behavioural friction theory to discourage misconduct without heavy penalties. Formal data-sharing agreements between platforms and regulators would close information gaps and change sellers’ perceptions of anonymity.

By addressing both behavioural and regulatory gaps, this approach seeks to enhance consumer protection, empower informal MSMEs, and promote inclusive growth in Kenya. The researchers emphasise that effective formalisation relies not only on institutional enforcement and regulatory reforms but also on how well compliance systems align with human decision-making, trust levels, and cognitive realities in informal markets. Future research should evaluate the framework’s effectiveness and scalability in Kenya and similar contexts across Africa and beyond, providing a replicable model for boosting market participation, protecting consumers, and building trust in institutions across the continent’s vast informal economies.

Subject of Research: Formalising informal trade: redefining Kenya's micro, small, and medium enterprise standards and regulatory environment

Article Title: Formalising informal trade: redefining Kenya's micro, small, and medium enterprise standards and regulatory environment

Article References: Ngari, E., Mugendi Njiru, J., Ntara, C., Onywera, V., Githira, C., Rintari, A., Njeru, E., Muriira, G., Rotich, H., & Kaigwara, P. (2026). Formalising informal trade: redefining Kenya's micro, small, and medium enterprise standards and regulatory environment. Frontiers in Behavioral Economics, 5, Article 1860727. https://doi.org/10.3389/frbhe.2026.1860727

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/frbhe.2026.1860727

Keywords: Formalising, informal, trade, redefining, Kenya's, micro, small, medium, enterprise, standards, regulatory, environment