Researchers led by Nadarajan Viju of AMET University in Chennai, together with colleagues at Smykon Biotech and King Abdulaziz University, took a genomics-first approach to antifouling discovery. Rather than screening crude bacterial extracts, they mined the whole genomes of 30 marine bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudovibrio, Pseudomonas and Bacillus, all retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database. Using the open-source gene mining platform AntiSMASH, they mapped the biosynthetic gene clusters, or BGCs, the sets of genes that encode the enzymatic machinery for producing secondary metabolites. Each genome carried between 5 and 17 such clusters, yielding 278 clusters in total across the 30 organisms analysed.

The clusters fell into familiar categories: non-ribosomal peptide synthetases accounted for 28 percent, ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides for 15 percent, terpenes for 11 percent, polyketide synthases for 9 percent, NRPS-PKS hybrids for 5 percent, siderophores for 6 percent, and a mixed bag of other clusters for the remaining 26 percent. Every species produced its own characteristic repertoire, with Pseudovibrio strains predicted to make compounds such as pyoverdin, rimosamide, prodigiosin and pseudaminic acid, Pseudomonas strains predicted to yield viscosin, pyoluteorin, mitomycin and ectoine among others, and Bacillus strains carrying genes for surfactin, bacillaene, difficidin, bacilysin and lichenysin, to name only a few.

But one compound stood out for its ubiquity. Fengycin, a cyclic lipopeptide encoded by a 22,502-base-pair non-ribosomal peptide synthetase cluster, was predicted in 26 of the 30 genomes, or 86.66 percent of all strains analysed. It was present in every one of the ten Pseudovibrio genomes, in 90 percent of the Pseudomonas genomes and in 70 percent of the Bacillus genomes. The authors argue that this broad distribution suggests fengycin acts as a conserved ecological trait, a chemical weapon that helps its producers compete for space and nutrients, colonize surfaces and survive in densely populated marine biofilms. In other words, the compound may represent a chemical defence strategy honed by evolution in exactly the kind of surface-bound microbial communities that kick off biofouling.

To test whether fengycin could plausibly block fouling at the molecular level, the team turned to structure-based virtual screening. They docked fengycin, obtained from the PubChem database, against six target proteins retrieved from the Protein Data Bank: the penicillin-binding protein of Acinetobacter baumannii and the lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase of Candida albicans as antimicrobial targets; a bacterial cell surface protein and the acyl-homoserine lactone synthase LasI, a quorum-sensing enzyme, as antibiofilm targets; and the barnacle cement protein and the mussel proximal thread matrix protein, which mediate larval adhesion, as antifouling targets. The docking was performed in PyRx using AutoDock Vina with an exhaustiveness value of eight, generating nine binding poses per ligand, with penicillin G, fluconazole and the commercial biocide DCOIT serving as reference ligands.

The results were striking. Fengycin achieved predicted binding affinities well ahead of every reference compound at every target. Against the penicillin-binding protein it scored minus 11.4 kilocalories per mole, compared with minus 6.7 for DCOIT. Against the fungal lanosterol demethylase it reached minus 13.3 kilocalories per mole, far beyond fluconazole’s minus 5.2. Its scores against the bacterial cell surface protein, the AHL synthase LasI, the barnacle cement protein and the mussel byssus protein were minus 15.3, minus 14.0, minus 14.2 and minus 13.1 kilocalories per mole respectively, while DCOIT managed only minus 7.3, minus 6.1, minus 5.5 and minus 5.61. Triplicate docking runs showed standard deviations below 0.5 kilocalories per mole, and redocking validation returned root-mean-square deviation values below the accepted threshold of 2.0 angstroms, confirming that the protocol reliably reproduced known binding orientations.

Visualization of the ligand-receptor complexes in PyMOL and BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer explained the affinity. Fengycin formed extensive networks of polar and non-polar contacts: hydrogen bonds with residues such as GLU67 and LYS137 in the penicillin-binding protein, ARG381 in the fungal demethylase, SER374, SER520 and THR662 in the cell surface protein, HIS399 in LasI, GLN165 and GLU192 in the barnacle cement protein, and multiple residues in the mussel thread matrix protein, alongside dense hydrophobic contacts throughout each pocket. The researchers attribute this versatility to fengycin’s amphiphilic architecture, a rigid cyclic peptide ring fused to a hydrophobic beta-hydroxy fatty acid chain. The ring supplies multiple hydrogen bond donors and acceptors while limiting entropic penalties on binding, and the lipid tail drives van der Waals interactions within non-polar regions, allowing the molecule to engage diverse targets simultaneously.

The computational findings dovetail with decades of experimental literature on fengycin’s bioactivity. Studies have documented its antifungal action against Fusarium moniliforme, Botrytis cinerea and Magnaporthe grisea, its antibacterial effects against Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas pathogens, and, notably, its ability to disrupt quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus, a result reported in Nature in 2018 that aligns closely with the strong predicted interaction between fengycin and the quorum-sensing enzyme LasI in the present study. Because biofilms serve as settlement cues for many macrofoulers, a compound that interferes with both microbial adhesion and quorum sensing could in principle suppress fouling at multiple stages, from initial colonization through larval recruitment, in contrast to traditional biocides that simply poison organisms indiscriminately.

The authors are careful to frame the work as hypothesis-generating rather than conclusive. Molecular docking offers a static, simplified picture of binding that ignores protein flexibility, solvent effects, bioavailability, toxicity and cellular context, and docking scores are sensitive to ligand size, so fengycin’s large surface area may inflate its apparent advantage over small molecules like DCOIT. BGC predictions similarly depend on genome assembly quality and database annotations, and the predicted metabolites remain putative until chemically verified. The comparison with DCOIT, a biocide with documented environmental concerns of its own, must likewise be treated with caution given the compounds’ very different molecular dimensions and physicochemical properties.

Even so, the study sketches a compelling vision for the future of antifouling technology. Fengycin is biodegradable, reportedly low in toxicity, stable across ranges of temperature, pH and salinity, and potentially effective at low concentrations, making it an attractive starting point for eco-friendly coatings. More broadly, the work demonstrates that coupling genome mining with molecular docking can rapidly link biosynthetic potential to plausible biological function, providing a genomics-guided framework for prioritizing marine natural products before any laboratory assay is run. The next step is clear: in vitro and in vivo validation against real fouling organisms, together with toxicity testing, will determine whether this bacterial chemical weapon can be translated into the antifouling paints of a post-TBT world.

The study’s genome-guided strategy reflects a broader shift in natural products research. Traditional antifouling discovery relied on collecting marine organisms, extracting compounds and testing them laboriously in assays, a process that is slow, expensive and often non-specific. By contrast, mining publicly available genomes with tools like AntiSMASH allows researchers to survey the biosynthetic potential of dozens of organisms computationally before committing laboratory resources, prioritizing the most promising candidates for synthesis and testing.

Fengycin itself is well characterized biochemically. It belongs to a family of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus species alongside surfactin and iturin, and its cyclic peptide ring is assembled by large non-ribosomal peptide synthetase enzymes rather than by ribosomes, which permits the incorporation of unusual amino acids and contributes to its structural diversity. Its amphiphilic nature, combining a polar peptide head with a fatty acid tail, underlies both its surface activity and its ability to interact with biological membranes, properties that have made lipopeptides of interest as biocontrol agents in agriculture as well as in marine applications.

The choice of target proteins in the docking analysis also illustrates how antifouling can be attacked at distinct biological stages. Blocking quorum-sensing enzymes such as LasI could prevent bacteria from coordinating biofilm formation, while disrupting adhesion proteins used by barnacle larvae and mussels could stop macrofoulers from settling on a surface already colonized by microbes. A single compound active against both microbial and invertebrate targets would therefore offer multi-stage protection, a property conventional biocides achieve only through broad toxicity. The authors emphasize, however, that docking predictions must now be followed by laboratory and field validation before any practical coating can emerge.

Subject of Research: In silico prediction of the antifouling potential of the marine bacterial cyclic lipopeptide fengycin

Article Title: An in silico antifouling potential of fengycin, a cyclic lipopeptide produced by marine bacteria

Article References: Viju, N., Vijayaraghavan, P., Satheesh, S., & Jayaprakashvel, M. (2026). An in silico antifouling potential of fengycin, a cyclic lipopeptide produced by marine bacteria. Discover Oceans, 3(1), Article 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44289-026-00164-y

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s44289-026-00164-y

Keywords: marine bacteria, fengycin, cyclic lipopeptide, biosynthetic gene clusters, antifouling, antibiofilm, molecular docking, AntiSMASH, biofouling, quorum sensing, natural products, silico

Recently, a groundbreaking study delved into the sustainable use of jellyfish bycatch—a term referring to jellyfish unintentionally caught alongside commercial fish—demonstrating its untapped potential in biotechnology. This research not only spotlights the prospects of transforming what was once considered waste into a high-value raw material but also exemplifies the principles of a circular bioeconomy aimed at reducing resource waste and generating economic value. By focusing on Rhizostoma pulmo, commonly known as barrel jellyfish, the investigators unveiled the feasibility of repurposing incidental catches from small-scale fisheries into sustainable sources of bioactive compounds, particularly collagen.

Collagen, the primary structural protein found in connective tissues, is prized across several industries, including cosmetics, biomedicine, and food technology. Historically, collagen extraction has centered on mammalian sources such as bovine and porcine tissues; however, concerns about zoonotic diseases, allergenicity, and religious restrictions have driven interest toward marine alternatives. Jellyfish collagen represents a promising substitute, offering unique biochemical properties that may outperform terrestrial analogs, especially in regenerative medicine applications.

This pioneering study involved a meticulous laboratory comparison of collagen extracted from jellyfish collected as bycatch versus specimens gathered through careful hand-net collection. Employing a suite of sophisticated analytical techniques such as protein profiling, molecular weight assessment, and structural characterization via spectroscopy and crystallography, the researchers rigorously evaluated collagen integrity and quality. Remarkably, the findings revealed no significant compromise in collagen quality from bycatch specimens, validating the concept that jellyfish caught incidentally remain a viable and high-quality source for collagen production.

Crucially, this research extends beyond laboratory confines by incorporating the invaluable practical knowledge of small-scale fishers who routinely encounter jellyfish bycatch in their daily work. Through an active collaboration, fishers contributed observational data, catch reports, and photographic evidence, enriching the scientific dataset and fostering a two-way dialogue. This participatory approach empowered fishers to view jellyfish as assets rather than liabilities, stirring interest in developing innovative valorization pathways. The fishers acknowledged potential hurdles, highlighting infrastructural gaps, market uncertainties, and the necessity for targeted training—insights vital for designing feasible implementation strategies.

The societal implications of this holistic approach are profound. By transforming jellyfish bycatch into commercially viable collagen, the initiative offers a multifaceted solution that augments coastal economies, supports sustainable fishery practices, and advances environmental stewardship. This model embodies circular bioeconomy tenets—minimizing waste through reutilization and promoting sustainability while fostering economic resilience among fishing communities. Moreover, it addresses ecological concerns associated with jellyfish blooms by diverting biomass towards productive ends rather than disposal.

From a scientific standpoint, the valorization of jellyfish collagen holds immense promise in biomedical innovations. Marine-derived collagen is increasingly recognized for its biocompatibility and reduced immunogenicity, positioning it as a superior candidate for tissue engineering scaffolds, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the prospect of developing functional cosmetic products enriched with jellyfish collagen aligns with consumer preferences for marine-based, sustainable ingredients. The investigation into nutraceutical and food applications also opens new research avenues that could transform dietary supplements and health-promoting products.

Despite these advances, several misconceptions persist within public discourse and industry circles. Some stakeholders narrowly define jellyfish as detrimental invaders with no redeeming qualities, while others assume that bycatch materials are inherently low grade and unsuitable for high-value extraction. The current research actively dispels such myths by supplying empirical evidence demonstrating the integrity and biotechnological worth of jellyfish collagen, substantiating that sustainability and profitability are indeed compatible objectives.

Looking ahead, long-term monitoring of jellyfish populations and bycatch trends across varying fisheries and geographic regions is paramount, especially in the context of climate change-driven shifts in species distribution and marine ecosystem dynamics. Such comprehensive data will inform adaptive management strategies and optimize resource utilization. Concurrently, expanding interdisciplinary collaborations that include policymakers, scientists, fishers, and industry stakeholders will be critical for designing practical, location-specific solutions that leverage scientific insights to benefit communities and ecosystems alike.

The research team emphasizes that open science principles have been instrumental in amplifying the impact and accessibility of their work. By publishing results in open-access platforms, they ensured that findings are accessible beyond academic circles, reaching fishers, entrepreneurs, regulators, and the wider public. This democratization of knowledge accelerates science-to-practice transitions, fosters innovation, and cultivates networks capable of addressing complex sustainability challenges cohesively.

In summary, the valorization of Rhizostoma pulmo jellyfish bycatch for sustainable collagen production offers a compelling example of how reimagining marine resources through a circular bioeconomy lens can yield ecological, economic, and societal dividends. By bridging fundamental research with pragmatic stakeholder engagement and advancing marine biotechnology, this approach paves the way for novel strategies to harness overlooked marine biomass, contributing to ocean conservation and coastal community vitality.

Subject of Research: Animals

Article Title: Engaging small-scale fishers in a circular bioeconomy: valorization of Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778) jellyfish bycatch for sustainable collagen production

News Publication Date: 11-May-2026

Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1760045

Image Credits: COLMED

Keywords: jellyfish collagen, circular bioeconomy, marine biotechnology, Rhizostoma pulmo, bycatch valorization, sustainable fisheries, marine collagen, regenerative medicine, fishers collaboration, marine ecosystems

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has long been recognized for its dualistic nature in science and industry. As a versatile oxidizing agent, it finds expansive applications ranging from disinfectants in healthcare to oxidants in chemical manufacturing. Nevertheless, in biological and environmental systems, elevated hydrogen peroxide concentrations can denote oxidative stress or contamination, necessitating highly sensitive and rapid sensing mechanisms. Despite decades of sensor development, challenges persist due to the instability and environmental sensitivity of enzyme-integrated sensors. This newly reported biochar sensor pivots away from biological enzymes, exploiting the catalytic potential of nickel nanoparticles anchored within a stable carbon matrix to achieve sensitive detection with enhanced durability.

The scientific team employed an innovative bio-fabrication method. By nurturing Picochlorum eukaryotum in nickel-supplemented aquatic media, the algae bioaccumulate nickel ions intracellularly. Subsequent pyrolysis under controlled thermal conditions converts this biomass into a biochar exhibiting a hierarchical porous architecture. This porous carbon framework not only preserves the nickel in catalytically active nanoparticulate form but also provides an extensive electrochemically active surface, effectively fostering electron transfer processes crucial for the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide molecules during sensing.

Conventional electrochemical sensors often rely on embedded enzymes like horseradish peroxidase, which, although initially selective and sensitive, suffer from rapid degradation, stringent storage conditions, and pH sensitivity. The newly developed biochar eliminates these concerns by relying solely on the intrinsic catalytic activity of nickel nanoparticles. These metal sites facilitate direct electron transfer in the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide without auxiliary biological catalysts, markedly improving sensor lifetime, performance consistency, and operational conditions. Notably, the biochar achieves a detection limit as low as 0.39 micromolar and a swift response time near two seconds under physiological pH.

The sophistication of this biochar lies in its uniform metal dispersion, attained through in vivo metal enrichment during algal cultivation rather than post-synthesis metal impregnation. This controlled bioaccumulation ensures homogeneous distribution of catalytically active sites, avoiding the aggregation issues commonly seen in physically mixed catalysts, which invariably leads to performance deterioration. The resulting structure combines high conductivity, mesoporosity, and robust catalytic sites, collectively producing an electrochemical sensor with remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility.

Furthermore, the sensor’s performance has been rigorously validated in complex real-world matrices, including seawater, milk, and fruit juice, simulating conditions encountered in environmental monitoring, food safety analysis, and medical diagnostics. High recovery rates in these multifaceted samples affirm the sensor’s robustness and potential to transcend laboratory confines into practical application domains. Its stability across repeated sensing cycles and resistance to interference from coexisting chemical species emphasize its operational reliability.

This research not only pioneers a sustainable path for sensor material synthesis by leveraging rapidly renewable biological resources but also provides a blueprint for integrating biosourced metals within carbon matrices. The cross-disciplinary approach unites principles of marine biology, materials chemistry, and electrochemistry, achieving a functional material that is environmentally benign and cost-effective. The choice of nickel, an earth-abundant and relatively inexpensive transition metal, further underscores the economic feasibility of scaling this technology.

Excitingly, the implications of this study extend beyond hydrogen peroxide detection alone. The approach of biologically mediated metal enrichment before carbonization presents a versatile platform for fabricating biochar materials doped with different metals tailored to catalyze a variety of electrochemical reactions. This could herald the development of an entire family of enzyme-free biosensors targeting gases, biomolecules, or pollutants with customized selectivity and sensitivity profiles.

The researchers envision that coupling such biochar-based sensors with miniaturized analytical devices or integrating them into smart monitoring networks could transform diagnostics and environmental analytics. By marrying sustainable material development with cutting-edge sensor technology, this innovation provides a viable alternative to conventional nanomaterial synthesis techniques, which often involve complex chemical routes and toxic reagents.

Ultimately, this study exemplifies the potential of nature-inspired materials engineering to address pressing technological challenges. The strategic utilization of marine microalgae as a biological template and metal accumulator embodies a circular, green chemistry approach that aligns with global sustainability goals. As industries and scientific communities increasingly seek eco-friendly and efficient sensing solutions, such biological electrochemical interfaces may soon become foundational tools across sectors transcending health, environment, and industry.

This groundbreaking research paves the way for future investigations exploring different microalgal species, metal types, and pyrolysis parameters to diversify material functionalities and optimize sensor performances further. The principles demonstrated underline an emerging paradigm in sensor design: exploiting biological systems not only as passive subjects of study but as active participants in material synthesis and functionalization.

In summary, the creation of nickel-enriched biochar from Picochlorum eukaryotum represents a milestone in the quest for sustainable, high-performance, enzyme-free electrochemical sensors. The fusion of marine biotechnology with green material processing holds immense promise for next-generation biosensors, setting a new standard for sensitivity, stability, and environmental stewardship in chemical sensing technologies.

Subject of Research: Not applicable

Article Title: A novel biochar from Ni-fed Picochlorum eukaryotum for use as a high-performance enzyme-free electrochemical sensor of hydrogen peroxide

News Publication Date: 27-Jan-2026

Web References:
DOI link to article

References:
Gan, H., Tang, Y., Yang, S. et al. A novel biochar from Ni-fed Picochlorum eukaryotum for use as a high-performance enzyme-free electrochemical sensor of hydrogen peroxide. Biochar 8, 17 (2026).

Image Credits:
Credit: Hongyu Gan, Yun Tang, Shuyuan Yang, Keren Liu, Manna Huang & Yiqian Wan

Keywords:
Fuel cells, Hydrogen fuel, Hydrogen storage, Energy, Catalysis, Sensors, Biosensors

The investigation commences with a detailed exploration of halophilic fungi, which are capable of thriving in high-salinity environments, such as coastal regions and salt marshes. These unique organisms have evolved mechanisms that not only allow them to survive but also to generate bioactive compounds that exhibit a plethora of biological activities. This adaptation underscores their potential as a source of novel compounds that might be beneficial in various applications including drug discovery and agriculture.

Aspergillus ruber, specifically, has emerged as a significant player in this field. Through meticulous culturing and screening methods, Kumar et al. isolated this strain, revealing its promising secondary metabolite profiles. Such metabolites often serve as defense mechanisms for fungi against competing organisms and stress factors, and their bioactivity holds the promise of therapeutic applications. In their study, the researchers employed both molecular and biochemical techniques to elucidate the potential of A. ruber and its biosynthetic pathways.

The methodology utilized in this research involves advanced genomic techniques paired with traditional biochemical assays. Whole-genome sequencing not only aids in identifying biosynthetic gene clusters but also in understanding the regulation of secondary metabolite production. This integrated approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of metabolite synthesis in A. ruber, paving the way for biotechnological applications aimed at enhancing metabolite yield through genetic engineering.

Among the notable findings of this study is the diversity of secondary metabolites produced by A. ruber. The research identified compounds with antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting that these metabolites could be harnessed for developing new therapeutics. The potential for discovery in this area is vast, as many marine-derived organisms have been poorly explored compared to terrestrial counterparts. This study propels A. ruber into the spotlight for its capability of producing therapeutically relevant bioactive compounds.

Moreover, the ecological implications of the findings cannot be understated. Understanding the secondary metabolites in halophilic fungi like A. ruber not only enriches our knowledge of marine ecology but also sheds light on the complex interactions within salinized environments. These metabolites could play crucial roles in mediating microbial interactions, influencing biodiversity, and contributing to the overall health of marine ecosystems.

The biotechnological applications of A. ruber extend far beyond pharmaceuticals. The metabolites explored in this study may also be applicable in agricultural practices, particularly in the development of biopesticides and biofertilizers. The agricultural sector is increasingly leaning towards sustainable practices, and the ability to harness natural, effective compounds from organisms like A. ruber aligns with this trend. The study advocates for further exploration of these metabolites to establish a link between halophilic fungi and sustainable agricultural innovations.

Additionally, A. ruber’s resilience to extreme conditions exemplifies the organism’s potential for bioremediation efforts. The metabolites produced could be investigated for their ability to degrade pollutants or restore balance in ecosystems disrupted by human activity. As the environmental challenges intensify globally, innovative solutions from nature are more critical than ever, positioning marine fungi as key players in addressing these issues.

Kumar et al. emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in marine biotechnology research. Their study integrates insights from microbiology, genetics, and environmental science, reflecting a holistic approach towards unlocking the biotechnological potential of A. ruber. Such collaborative efforts will be essential in fostering a deeper understanding of marine organisms and their practical applications.

In conclusion, the research on Aspergillus ruber presents a compelling case for the exploration of halophilic fungi and their secondary metabolites. The diverse range of bioactive compounds identified, coupled with their ecological significance and potential applications, highlights the need for continued research in this field. With the right focus and resources, A. ruber could yield contributions that resonate across pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental sciences, providing innovative solutions to some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today.

The potential ramifications of this research are extensive, inviting a broad audience, from scientists to industry stakeholders, to engage with the findings and consider how to translate this knowledge into practical applications. The study serves as a clarion call to the scientific community to delve deeper into marine-derived organisms, as the ocean’s hidden treasures await discovery and could very well hold the keys to innovation in various sectors.

Ultimately, this compelling investigation not only elevates the profile of Aspergillus ruber but also encapsulates the essence of scientific inquiry—the relentless pursuit of knowledge that has the potential to foster significant advancements for the betterment of society and the environment.

Subject of Research: Secondary metabolite potential of halophilic marine-derived Aspergillus ruber

Article Title: Deciphering secondary metabolite potentials of halophilic marine-derived Aspergillus ruber.

Article References:

Kumar, A., Parveen, A., Hansen, F.T. et al. Deciphering secondary metabolite potentials of halophilic marine-derived Aspergillus ruber.
3 Biotech 16, 84 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-026-04701-6

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-026-04701-6

Keywords: Secondary metabolites, halophilic fungi, Aspergillus ruber, marine biotechnology, bioactive compounds, drug discovery, biopesticides, bioremediation, pharmacognosy, biosynthetic pathways.