The study, led by pediatric endocrinologist Duygu Deligozoglu of Ankara City Hospital in Türkiye, took an unusual approach to measuring clinical competence. Rather than simply asking pediatricians to recite facts about puberty, the researchers designed a questionnaire with two distinct components: multiple-choice items assessing theoretical knowledge, and a series of clinical vignettes, short fictional patient scenarios that required physicians to make the same decisions they would face in their clinics, such as whether to reassure, investigate, or refer a child to a pediatric endocrinologist. The knowledge and vignette scores served as the primary outcome measures, while a composite performance score combining both was analyzed as an exploratory outcome. Group comparisons were performed using t-tests and one-way analysis of variance, with post hoc analyses where appropriate, and separate multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted for the knowledge and vignette scores.

The results revealed a striking pattern that has major implications for medical education. While overall performance in the clinical scenarios was high, accuracy dropped noticeably in borderline cases, those presentations sitting at the edge of normal variation where the distinction between early puberty and a benign variant requires careful reasoning. This finding matters because borderline cases are precisely where clinical errors carry the greatest consequences. A child with true precocious puberty who is mistakenly reassured may lose the opportunity for treatment that can preserve adult height and address underlying causes, while an unnecessary referral of a child with normal variation generates anxiety, cost, and wasted healthcare resources.

Substantial variability was also observed across the theoretical knowledge domains, and one area stood out as particularly problematic: items related to menarche timing, the age at which a girl’s first menstrual period occurs. This is not an obscure piece of trivia. Menarche timing is a fundamental anchor in pubertal assessment, and misconceptions about the normal range can distort a physician’s entire evaluation of whether a girl’s development is on track. The fact that even practicing pediatricians showed weakness in this domain suggests that some of the most basic reference points in pubertal medicine are being lost or never properly consolidated during training.

Perhaps the most scientifically interesting finding of the survey is that the correlates of knowledge and clinical reasoning turned out to be different, suggesting that factual knowledge and clinical reasoning are related but distinct competencies. Self-perceived competence was the only independent correlate of knowledge performance, meaning that pediatricians’ confidence in their own abilities tracked with how well they answered factual questions. But vignette-based performance, the measure of real clinical reasoning, was independently related to a broader set of factors: female sex, higher self-perceived competence, and recent training were all associated with better vignette performance, whereas having sixteen or more years of professional experience and a preference for webinar-based learning were independently related to worse performance.

That longer experience predicted poorer clinical reasoning performance may seem counterintuitive, but the authors offer a plausible interpretation within the constraints of their design. The study’s sampling strategy and cross-sectional design mean these findings should be interpreted as associations observed within the participating survey sample rather than nationally representative estimates or causal relationships applicable to all pediatricians practicing in Türkiye. Reverse causation and residual confounding cannot be excluded. Still, the pattern raises the possibility that physicians far from their training years may have drifted from current guidelines, or that the accumulated habits of decades of practice can entrench approaches that were never updated as the evidence evolved.

The negative association with webinar preference adds another layer to the story. Pediatricians who preferred passive, lecture-style online learning performed worse on the clinical vignettes than those who presumably favored more interactive formats. This aligns with a growing body of evidence in continuing medical education showing that passive formats are poor vehicles for developing clinical reasoning, which requires active engagement with uncertainty, differential diagnosis, and decision-making under time pressure. The authors argue that their findings support targeted educational interventions incorporating case-based learning, interactive teaching methods, and practical decision-support tools, exactly the approaches that engage the reasoning machinery rather than the memory banks.

Greater clinical exposure and access to pediatric endocrinology expertise were related to higher vignette performance in univariate analyses, reinforcing the idea that reasoning about puberty is a skill sharpened by practice and consultation rather than by reading alone. Pediatricians who regularly encounter pubertal disorders and who can easily consult a specialist when a case sits in the gray zone develop better calibrated judgment. This has practical significance for health systems, because it suggests that improving the frontline management of pubertal disorders may depend less on distributing more information and more on structuring better access to specialist input and creating feedback loops between general pediatricians and pediatric endocrinologists.

The stakes of these educational gaps are considerable. Pubertal disorders encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, from precocious puberty, in which the hormonal cascade starts abnormally early, to delayed puberty, in which development stalls or fails to begin. The evaluation relies on an interplay of clinical staging, growth patterns, and hormonal measurements, including luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine. Distinguishing a normal variant, such as premature thelarche in a young girl, from true central precocious puberty requires integrating these pieces into a coherent picture, a task that is far more demanding than recalling a single threshold value. The variability documented in this survey suggests that the same child could receive very different evaluations depending on which pediatrician walks into the room.

What makes this study resonate beyond Türkiye is the universality of its message. Puberty is accelerating in many populations, with the age of breast development and menarche shifting earlier over recent decades, which compresses the margin between normal variation and pathology and makes frontline judgment even more consequential. The survey’s demonstration that factual knowledge and clinical reasoning respond to different educational levers offers a roadmap for medical educators everywhere: teach the facts, but test and train the reasoning. For the pediatricians who participated, and for the millions of children passing through puberty under their care, the difference between those two competencies may determine whether a disorder is caught in time or quietly missed.

Subject of Research: Knowledge, clinical decision-making, and educational needs in pubertal disorders among pediatricians: a vignette-based cross-sectional survey

Article Title: Knowledge, clinical decision-making, and educational needs in pubertal disorders among pediatricians: a vignette-based cross-sectional survey

Article References: Deligozoglu, D., Buyukyilmaz, G., Gokdemir, I., Cetin, M., Yildiz, F., Cetin, S. K., Kocaay, P., Tepe, D., Boyraz, M., & Gürbüz, F. (2026). Knowledge, clinical decision-making, and educational needs in pubertal disorders among pediatricians: a vignette-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10608-w

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12909-026-10608-w

Keywords: Knowledge, clinical, decision-making, educational, needs, pubertal, disorders, pediatricians, vignette-based, cross-sectional, survey, scientific research