Nickel-rich layered transition metal oxides, particularly lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide with an 8:1:1 ratio, known as NMC811, have attracted significant attention for their high energy density and relative cost efficiency. However, their practical utility is marred by structural instabilities that arise during battery cycling. Specifically, a phenomenon of oxygen evolution from the cathode material at high voltage states initiates a cascade of deleterious reactions. Released oxygen interacts with the electrolyte, triggering decomposition that generates gases and other reactive species, ultimately compromising cell integrity and safety.

In a landmark study published in the journal Small, researchers from the University of Arkansas have innovated a nanoscale surface engineering approach that fundamentally enhances the durability and stability of NMC811 cathodes. The crux of their approach involves applying an ultra-thin zirconium sulfide (ZrS2) coating onto the cathode particles using atomic layer deposition, an advanced precision coating technology that ensures conformal and uniform layers at the atomic scale. This sulfide layer acts as an oxygen scavenger, reacting with oxygen released from the cathode during cycling and converting into a robust zirconium sulfate (Zr(SO4)2) protective film in situ.

This transformative oxygen scavenging mechanism imparts multifaceted benefits to battery performance. By capturing free oxygen before it can oxidize the electrolyte, the coating drastically reduces harmful side reactions that would otherwise degrade the electrolyte and release hazardous gases. Moreover, the resultant sulfate layer passivates the cathode surface, mitigating microstructural damages such as microcracking that typically arise from mechanical stresses during repeated charge-discharge cycles. The net effect is a stabilization of the critical cathode-electrolyte interface, preserving the structural and chemical integrity of the cathode material over extended use.

The performance metrics achieved by this innovation are striking. Conventional, uncoated NMC811 cathodes generally sustain around 200 full cycles before significant capacity loss occurs. In contrast, the zirconium sulfide coated cathodes demonstrated endurance surpassing 1,000 cycles, maintaining 60% of their original charge capacity after 1,300 cycles. This represents a fivefold improvement in cycle life, signaling a profound enhancement in battery longevity that could translate to substantially longer driving ranges and vehicle lifespans.

This breakthrough is led by Dr. Xiangbo “Henry” Meng, an associate professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Arkansas, whose pioneering work on sulfide-based coatings has opened new avenues in interface engineering for battery cathodes. The sulfide-to-sulfate conversion process pioneered by his team represents a novel class of protective layers that are simultaneously antioxidative, chemically stable, and capable of dynamic adaptation within the highly reactive electrochemical environment of a working battery cell.

Meng’s research group has extended this sulfide-sulfate strategy beyond zirconium sulfide, successfully exploring other sulfide materials such as lithium sulfide (Li2S), aluminum sulfide (Al2S3), zinc sulfide (ZnS), copper sulfide (Cu2S), and others. Each of these materials shows promise as an adaptable and facile coating precursor that can undergo the in situ chemical transformation critical for oxygen scavenging, potentially enabling tunable coatings tailored to specific cathode compositions and operating conditions.

The implications of this research stretch far beyond electric vehicles. NMC811 and related layered oxide cathodes are not only prominent in automotive batteries but also dominate portable electronics and grid energy storage systems. Enhancing their stability is crucial for extending battery lifetimes in smartphones, laptops, and stationary energy storage installations, directly contributing to sustainability goals by reducing battery waste and resource consumption.

Verification and scalability of this coating technology are underway, supported by collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory and interest from several major technology companies aiming to integrate these coatings into commercial production. Efforts continue to optimize coating deposition parameters, understand long-term interfacial chemistry, and validate performance under real-world usage profiles to ensure seamless transition from lab-scale discoveries to market-ready products.

This advancement marks a paradigm shift in cathode design philosophy, moving from inert protective barriers to actively reactive interfaces that dynamically mitigate degradation pathways. By harnessing controlled chemical transformations at the nanoscale, the research offers tangible strategies to overcome intrinsic material limitations that have long hindered battery development.

Dr. Meng’s work, which has led to multiple patents and ongoing intellectual property filings, stands at the forefront of a new frontier in electrochemical energy storage. It exemplifies how atomic-level design and materials innovation address macroscopic challenges such as battery safety, capacity retention, and operational lifespan—key factors for the imminent electrified future.

The path toward commercial adoption is complex and demanding, yet this research provides a solid foundation. Its translation bear the promise of redefining standards for battery performance, accelerating the global transition to clean transportation, and enhancing the resilience and reliability of energy storage technologies across all sectors.

Subject of Research: Not applicable
Article Title: An Oxygen-Scavenger Sulfide Coating Enabling Long-Term Stable Nickel-Rich Cathodes
News Publication Date: 5-Dec-2025
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202509789
References: Small, DOI 10.1002/smll.202509789
Image Credits: Whit Pruitt

Keywords

Lithium-ion batteries, NMC811 cathode, zirconium sulfide coating, oxygen scavenging, sulfide-sulfate conversion, atomic layer deposition, battery lifespan, cathode-electrolyte interface, energy storage, electric vehicles, nanoscale coatings, electrochemical stability

Lithium diffusion within electrode particles is a critical determinant of battery performance. The speed at which lithium ions can move in and out of these particles directly impacts the charge and discharge rates, thereby affecting overall energy efficiency and lifespan. In their research, Jiang and colleagues meticulously analyzed how different physical shapes and sizes of electrode materials contribute to lithium ion mobility. They identified that the morphology significantly alters the pathways available for ion diffusion, thus optimizing or hindering battery performance.

The study highlights the role of reversible chemical reactions that occur during the battery’s operation. These reactions, essential for ensuring the cyclical nature of energy storage, can also introduce stresses within electrode materials. Jiang’s team emphasized how the chemical transformations that take place can lead to structural changes in the particles. These changes, in turn, influence how lithium ions diffuse, showcasing a complex interplay between chemical processes and physical structures in electrode materials.

Among the significant findings of this research is the revelation that morphological factors can not only facilitate or impede lithium diffusion but also affect the mechanical stability of electrode materials. This relationship is crucial since any mechanical degradation can compromise the overall functionality of lithium-ion batteries, leading to reduced performance or even failure. The researchers propose that optimizing particle morphology could be instrumental in enhancing both diffusion rates and mechanical resilience, which are two often conflicting goals in battery design.

The implications of these findings are particularly relevant in the pursuit of next-generation batteries that require superior charging speeds and longevity. For instance, by creating electrode materials that are tailored with specific morphologies, manufacturers could potentially develop batteries that charge faster without sacrificing stability. This could unlock new possibilities in electric vehicle technology, where rapid charging is a major factor for consumer acceptance.

Moreover, the research underscores the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach. Combining insights from materials science, chemistry, and engineering, the findings advocate for a new era of battery materials that can undergo reversible transformations while simultaneously maintaining structural integrity. The authors call for further exploration into advanced manufacturing techniques that could realize these tailored morphologies, bridging the gap between theoretical advancements and real-world applications.

Another noteworthy aspect discussed in this research is the role of temperature in affecting both lithium diffusion and chemical reactions in electrode materials. The team investigated how variations in operational temperature might influence the kinetics of lithium ion migration and the reversible chemical processes that are essential for battery cycling. Their findings suggest that managing operational temperature could further optimize battery performance, which is a critical factor in environments with fluctuating thermal conditions.

The study also revisits the concept of stress within electrode particles, which has often been overlooked in battery research. Stress can arise from the expansion and contraction of materials during charging and discharging cycles, leading to micro-cracking or delamination. Jiang, Li, and Xiao’s work posits that understanding how to manage these stresses through careful control of morphology and chemical reactions could significantly enhance the durability of lithium-ion batteries.

The research team urges future studies to implement real-world testing environments, where electrodes can be subjected to actual operational conditions. This would provide valuable data on the long-term implications of reversible reactions and morphology on lithium diffusion and the overall lifespan of batteries. They also advocate for the integration of these findings into the engineering processes of battery manufacturing, which could lead to faster adoption of advanced battery technologies in commercial applications.

Furthermore, the authors note that the interplay between reversible reactions and morphology is not limited to lithium-ion batteries. They draw parallels with other energy storage technologies, suggesting that the principles uncovered in their study could inform advancements in a range of battery systems. By focusing on the fundamental interactions at play, researchers across various fields can better address the challenges of energy storage and contribute to the development of sustainable technologies for the future.

Engaging with this newly emerging understanding of battery materials, industries must take heed of the implications of this research. As the global market increasingly turns toward renewable energy and electric transportation, the demand for efficient energy storage continues to grow. This study serves as a clarion call to innovate and iterate on existing technologies, ensuring that next-generation batteries not only meet but exceed consumer expectations for performance, reliability, and sustainability.

In conclusion, Jiang, Li, and Xiao’s research offers a significant leap forward in our understanding of how reversible chemical reactions and morphology impact lithium diffusion and stress in electrode particles. These findings provide a robust framework for future research and development in energy storage technologies, emphasizing the need to synthesize knowledge from multiple disciplines. As the landscape of energy storage continues to evolve, the insights gained from this study will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the future of battery technology, ushering in an era of faster, more reliable, and more efficient energy solutions.

This study is not just an academic exploration; it embodies the spirit of innovation and determination needed to tackle one of the most pressing challenges of our time: developing sustainable energy storage solutions that can power our increasingly electrified world. The path forward is illuminated by research such as this, which unravels the complexities of battery materials in pursuit of a more sustainable and energy-efficient future.

Subject of Research: The impact of reversible chemical reactions and particle morphology on lithium diffusion and stress in electrode materials.

Article Title: Impact of reversible chemical reaction and morphology on lithium diffusion and stress in electrode particles.

Article References:

Jiang, Y., Li, J., Xiao, X. et al. Impact of reversible chemical reaction and morphology on lithium diffusion and stress in electrode particles.
Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06851-8

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s11581-025-06851-8

Keywords: lithium-ion batteries, electrode materials, lithium diffusion, chemical reactions, particle morphology, energy storage, battery performance, mechanical stability, sustainable technology.

Traditionally, graphite has been the standard material for lithium-ion battery anodes due to its reasonable cost, good electrochemical performance, and availability. However, as the demand for batteries increases, the limitations of graphite become evident. These limitations include lower capacity and poor rate capability compared to other materials. Consequently, researchers have turned to metal oxides that can potentially provide higher capacity and better cycling stability. Among these, Ti-Nb oxide stands out for its unique electrochemical properties.

The Ti-Nb oxide structure offers a compelling alternative due to its ability to accommodate lithium ions during battery cycling. The unique crystalline structure of Ti-Nb oxide enables it to undergo a more favorable lithium insertion/extraction process, which enhances the overall performance of the battery. This structure has shown promise not only in improving capacity but also in extending the life cycle of the battery—a crucial factor for consumers who expect longevity from their devices.

Moreover, the environmental impact of battery production is an increasingly critical issue. The mining and processing of raw materials often leave significant ecological footprints and raise ethical concerns. By exploring Ti-Nb oxide, the researchers aim to create a battery solution that minimizes such environmental repercussions. The transition to Ti-Nb oxide could result in a greener life cycle, reducing reliance on rare and harmful materials without sacrificing efficiency or performance.

In their meticulous study, Shahbazian and colleagues investigated the electrochemical performance of Ti-Nb oxide in various compositions. Their findings showed that hybrid compositions can strike a balance between high energy density and long cycle life. Adjusting the ratios of titanium and niobium can optimize the electrochemical properties, yielding a battery anode that performs exceptionally well across various battery metrics.

Testing different fabrication techniques also proved essential in their research. The way the Ti-Nb oxide is synthesized has a significant impact on its performance characteristics. For instance, sol-gel methods combined with thermal treatments lead to more homogenous particle sizes and distribution, which in turn enhances ionic conductivity during the charge-discharge cycles, paving the way for improved charge times.

The study elaborates on the importance of understanding the phase transitions that occur in Ti-Nb oxide during lithiation and delithiation processes. Knowledge of such transitions not only aids in optimally configuring the battery design but also helps predict the degradation pathways. The researchers meticulously analyzed these transitions to develop a deeper understanding of how to extend battery lifespan while maintaining peak performance under real-world conditions.

Another crucial aspect discussed is the safety of Ti-Nb oxide anodes. Battery technology has emitted concerns regarding thermal stability and safety risks, especially as batteries are subjected to higher energy demands in devices. By employing Ti-Nb oxide, the authors suggest that the potential risks associated with overheating and thermal runaway can be significantly reduced. This characteristic adds an additional layer of appeal for manufacturers and consumers who prioritize safety alongside energy efficiency.

One of the sublime advantages of Ti-Nb oxide lies in its wide operational voltage range, which enables it to perform efficiently in both low and high-energy settings. This flexibility is particularly attractive for applications in fluctuating energy environments, such as hybrid systems that incorporate renewable energy sources. The adaptability of Ti-Nb oxide lends itself to a future where energy can be harnessed and stored efficiently, regardless of fluctuations in generation.

Research teams globally have begun considering the implications of switching to more sustainable anode materials. The work by Shahbazian and his team confirms that Ti-Nb oxide does not only excel from a performance standpoint but also fulfills a growing need for environmentally conscious practices in battery production. As a result, we may witness a pivotal transition in how battery technologies evolve in the coming years.

Public perception and acceptance of new technology often hinges on its environmental sustainability. As awareness of climate change and ecological degradation rises, consumers are likely to gravitate towards products that boast ethical sourcing and production practices. This shift opens the door for Ti-Nb oxide anodes to potentially become a market leader once commercialized, combining performance with responsible manufacturing.

In conclusion, the continued exploration of Ti–Nb oxide as a viable anode material represents a significant leap in lithium-ion battery technology. The balance between electrochemical performance and environmental impact, as delineated in this research, inspires hope for a more sustainable energy future. The quest for better batteries is far from over; however, the findings by Shahbazian and team pave a promising path forward, reminding us that innovation and responsibility can go hand in hand in the realm of energy storage.

This research marks an important step towards rethinking the landscape of battery technology, ushering in a new era where performance meets sustainability. As these insights continue to be disseminated, we can anticipate that Ti-Nb oxide will pursue its place at the forefront of energy storage solutions, making strides in both efficiency and environmental stewardship.

Subject of Research: Titanium-Niobium Oxide Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Article Title: Balancing electrochemical performance and environmental impact of Ti–Nb oxide lithium-ion battery anodes

Article References: Shahbazian, A., Mozaffarpour, F., Hassanzadeh, N. et al. Balancing electrochemical performance and environmental impact of Ti–Nb oxide lithium-ion battery anodes. Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06808-x

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06808-x

Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, Ti-Nb oxide, electrochemistry, sustainability, environmental impact, battery performance, energy storage solutions

The study meticulously investigates the potential of Zn₂GeO₄, a compound known for its stable crystal structure and favorable electronic properties, as a host material for lithium ions. The researchers systematically express their excitement about Zn₂GeO₄’s intrinsic qualities, which make it a viable candidate for high-capacity anodes in lithium-ion batteries. However, the researchers recognized that while Zn₂GeO₄ has promising characteristics, its pure form suffers from low electrical conductivity and limited lithium-ion diffusion, which ultimately impair its full potential in battery applications.

To tackle these challenges, the team decided to introduce VS₂ nanosheets, highlighting the compelling properties that these transition metal dichalcogenides bring to the table. VS₂ is known for its excellent electrical conductivity and layered structure, which provides easy access for lithium ions during the intercalation process. By adopting a composite strategy, the researchers aimed to create a more efficient electrode material that could potentially enhance the overall performance of LIBs.

The integration of VS₂ nanosheets into Zn₂GeO₄ was achieved through an innovative synthesis process. The researchers employed a hydrothermal method that facilitated the uniform dispersion of the nanosheets within the Zn₂GeO₄ matrix. The careful control of synthesis parameters not only ensured the successful incorporation of VS₂ but also maintained the desirable structural and electronic properties of the composite material. This intricate process was crucial in enhancing the electrochemical performance of the resulting composite, as it effectively addressed the limitations observed in pristine Zn₂GeO₄.

Following the synthesis, the team conducted extensive electrochemical characterization to evaluate the lithium storage capabilities of the newly formed composite material. Through galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, they collected valuable data on the lithium ion intercalation behavior, demonstrating a remarkable improvement in capacity retention and cycle stability when compared to the pure Zn₂GeO₄. The findings indicated that the incorporation of VS₂ nanosheets not only enhanced the electrical conductivity of the composite material but also facilitated faster lithium ion diffusion pathways, resulting in superior lithium storage performance.

Moreover, the structural integrity of the composite material was investigated using advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD patterns confirmed the successful formation of the Zn₂GeO₄/VS₂ composite, showcasing well-defined peaks corresponding to both components. Meanwhile, the SEM images revealed a well-distributed morphology, further demonstrating the successful incorporation of nanosheets within the zinc germanate matrix.

One of the most exciting aspects of this research is the potential applications of the Zn₂GeO₄/VS₂ composite in practical energy storage systems. The enhanced lithium storage capacity and cycle stability of this material could revolutionize the performance of LIBs, paving the way for the development of next-generation batteries with higher efficiency and longer lifespans. Furthermore, as the world shifts towards greener energy solutions, the adoption of advanced materials like those developed in this study will be crucial in meeting the growing energy demands sustainably.

The research team, driven by the prospect of making impactful contributions to the field of energy storage, continued to explore additional avenues to improve their findings. They expressed interest in modifying synthesis techniques or investigating other transition metal dichalcogenides that might yield even more promising results when combined with Zn₂GeO₄. The prospect of discovering new material systems with even greater performance metrics excites many scientists working in the energy materials domain, as they understand the urgency of developing more efficient energy storage solutions.

In addition to the technological advancements, the research also illustrates the importance of collaborative efforts in scientific discovery. The integration of expertise in material science, electrochemistry, and advanced characterization techniques has provided a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting lithium storage capabilities. Such interdisciplinary collaboration is essential in accelerating the development of innovative solutions for real-world challenges, particularly as energy storage technologies continue to evolve.

The implications of this research extend beyond just the realm of lithium-ion batteries. The principles of material design and the strategic incorporation of nanoscale additives can serve as a blueprint for other energy storage systems, including sodium-ion and beyond, where similar challenges exist. As the study indicates, enhancing the performance of electrode materials through composite strategies may become a standard practice in the design of future energy storage technologies.

Ultimately, the work done by Anusha et al. stands as a testament to the innovative spirit of contemporary research in energy materials. The exploration of Zn₂GeO₄/VS₂ composites showcases the potential for achieving breakthroughs by addressing the limitations of traditional materials through strategic enhancements. As battery technologies evolve, studies like this will undoubtedly pave the way for more sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions that help us transition towards a cleaner energy future.

In conclusion, the incorporation of VS₂ nanosheets into Zn₂GeO₄ represents a significant milestone in enhancing lithium storage capacity. With the achieved advancements in electrochemical performance, this research not only contributes valuable knowledge to the field of battery materials but also inspires further exploration and innovation. As the demand for energy storage solutions continues to rise, such groundbreaking work is essential in driving the development of more efficient and sustainable technologies capable of meeting global energy needs.

Subject of Research: Lithium storage capacity enhancement in Zn₂GeO₄ by incorporating VS₂ nanosheets

Article Title: Improving the lithium storage capacity of Zn₂GeO₄ by incorporating VS₂ nanosheets

Article References: Anusha, B.R., Appu, S., Udayabhanu et al. Improving the lithium storage capacity of Zn₂GeO₄ by incorporating VS₂ nanosheets. Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06734-y

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06734-y

Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, Zn₂GeO₄, VS₂ nanosheets, energy storage, composite materials.

Ion migration barriers critically determine the ease with which ions move through solid materials, a phenomenon central to the performance of energy storage and conversion devices such as lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells. Historically, methods like density functional theory (DFT) and nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations have been the gold standard for exploring these migration pathways at the quantum mechanical level. However, their computational expense has curtailed their scalability, limiting the pace at which new materials can be screened and optimized. FastTrack challenges this status quo with its capacity to deliver predictions that align closely with experimental observations and quantum-mechanical benchmarks, all while accelerating computational throughput by a factor of more than 100.

Ion diffusion represents a fundamental process underpinning numerous natural and engineered systems. In the context of energy materials, ion transport regulates critical device characteristics such as efficiency, durability, and safety. The complexity of ion transport stems not only from the diverse atomic-scale interactions but also from the intricate energy landscape within which ions traverse. The migration barrier or activation energy reflects the height of the energetic hurdle an ion must overcome to hop from one lattice site to another. Therefore, accurately characterizing these atomic migration mechanisms and their associated energy barriers is vital for materials design aimed at enhancing ionic conductivity and structural stability.

Conventional computational approaches have relied heavily on DFT to resolve these energy landscapes, often combined with NEB to pinpoint minimum-energy migration paths. Nevertheless, these techniques suffer from steep computational demands, making them less than ideal for rapid screening across large chemical and structural datasets. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), capable of simulating collective diffusional behavior in materials, is no exception; while insightful, it remains prohibitively expensive for routine use. Empirical models, on the other hand, provide computational speed but sacrifice accuracy, leading to potentially misleading conclusions.

This challenge has catalyzed interest in machine learning force fields, which offer an elegant solution by learning interaction potentials directly from quantum mechanical data. MLFFs facilitate swift and precise simulation of atomic dynamics, maintaining chemical fidelity while drastically slashing computational costs. Yet, until now, integrating MLFFs into frameworks capable of exhaustively sampling PES and autonomously identifying diffusion pathways had remained an open challenge. FastTrack bridges this methodological gap by generating a comprehensive 3D PES for migrating ions using MLFFs and coupling this data with an efficient interpolation and pathfinding algorithm. Crucially, this approach removes the reliance on a priori defined images—a bottleneck in traditional NEB methods.

FastTrack’s open-source release represents a deliberate push toward democratizing access to high-throughput, accurate evaluation of ion migration, empowering researchers worldwide to accelerate their investigations. By visualizing energy landscapes interactively and automating the pathfinding process, researchers gain nuanced microscopic insight into migration mechanisms without the overhead of painstaking manual setup and computational expense. This capability is transformative for designing next-generation energy devices.

The software’s utility was rigorously validated across prototypical electrode materials. In layered lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), FastTrack identified two distinct migration barriers corresponding to different vacancy scenarios: a ~600 meV barrier for single-vacancy diffusion and a markedly reduced ~250 meV barrier under divacancy conditions. These results dovetail perfectly with established experimental and computational benchmarks, underscoring the framework’s reliability.

Similarly, in the olivine-structured lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), FastTrack accurately depicted the one-dimensional diffusion channels along the [010] crystallographic axis with an activation energy around 300 meV. This finding not only confirms the intrinsic robustness of the phosphate framework but also highlights the framework’s prowess in dealing with directionally restricted ionic transport pathways, a notoriously challenging regime for many simulation techniques.

A notable strength of FastTrack is its force-field agnosticism. The method was exhaustively benchmarked against three cutting-edge machine learning potentials—GPTFF, CHGNet, and MACE—each showing consistent performance across varied chemistries. Moreover, by integrating task-specific fine-tuning of these MLFFs with PBE and PBE+U datasets, the system refines migration barrier predictions to an even greater degree of precision, reflecting the paramount importance of high-quality, domain-specific training data in machine learning for materials science.

For years, the quest for discovering fast-ion-conducting materials has been mired by a trade-off between the speed of empirical, heuristic methods and the accuracy of rigorous quantum mechanical calculations. Less accurate approaches like the bond valence method enabled rapid but coarse screening, insufficient for predictive design. Conversely, state-of-the-art DFT methodologies, while precise, were prohibitively slow for expansive material libraries. FastTrack shatters this paradigm, enabling near-DFT level precision accessible within minutes. This breakthrough paves the way for high-throughput, quantitative screening of ion transport across extensive material domains, thus strategically accelerating the pipeline of battery materials innovation.

Beyond just performance, FastTrack’s open-source nature fosters a collaborative ecosystem, offering interactive visualization tools and fully automated migration path exploration. These features combine to transform previously formidable computational challenges into approachable, routine tasks accessible to researchers with varied computational backgrounds. This democratization is poised to drive rapid advancement in energy storage and other ion-transport-reliant technologies by delivering faster design cycles and deeper mechanistic understanding.

The implications of FastTrack extend well beyond battery materials. Ion transport plays a critical role in catalysis, solid oxide fuel cells, sensors, and neuromorphic devices—sectors where understanding and optimizing atomic-scale migration is pivotal. By empowering the community with this versatile, scalable platform, FastTrack stands as a keystone innovation, enabling transformative leaps in fundamental science and applied technology related to ion dynamics in solids.

In conclusion, the development of FastTrack marks a paradigm shift in evaluating ion migration barriers. By combining machine learning-based force fields with comprehensive 3D energy surface sampling and sophisticated interpolation algorithms, this framework achieves dramatic improvements in computational efficiency without compromising accuracy. Its force-field agnostic design, open-source accessibility, and proven effectiveness across multiple benchmark materials position FastTrack as a critical toolset for accelerating energy materials research. The technology promises to hasten discovery and optimization efforts in ion-conducting solids, propelling forward the evolving landscape of high-performance energy storage and conversion devices.

Subject of Research: Ion migration barriers and mass transport in crystalline solids using machine learning force fields

Article Title: FastTrack: a fast method to evaluate mass transport in solid leveraging universal machine learning interatomic potential

News Publication Date: 30-Sep-2025

Web References: github.com/atomly-materials-research-lab/FastTrack

References: Hanwen Kang, Tenglong Lu, Zhanbin Qi, Jiandong Guo, Sheng Meng, and Miao Liu. FastTrack: a fast method to evaluate mass transport in solid leveraging universal machine learning interatomic potential. AI for Science, 2025, 1(1). DOI: 10.1088/3050-287X/ae0808

Image Credits: Miao Liu* and Hanwen Kang, Institute of Physics, CAS.

Keywords

Machine learning, Mass transport, Ion diffusion, Migration barriers, Density functional theory, Nudged elastic band, Energy storage materials, Lithium-ion batteries, Solid-state electrolytes, Ab initio molecular dynamics, Machine learning force fields, Material screening

Solvation— the process wherein solvent molecules surround and stabilize solute ions— plays a significant role in the charge and discharge cycles of lithium-ion batteries. In this context, the solvent molecules do not merely serve as a medium; they actively influence ion transport, electrochemical stability, and overall battery performance. As researchers delve deeper into solvation mechanics, a clearer picture of how solvents contribute to lithium-ion mobility and structural integrity is emerging, shedding light on new avenues for electrolyte design and optimization.

Electrolytes, the medium through which lithium ions travel between the anode and cathode, are critical to the functionality of lithium-ion batteries. Traditional liquid electrolytes have demonstrated acceptable performance, yet they come with inherent limitations, such as volatility and flammability, particularly under extreme operating conditions. The introduction of solvation engineering allows scientists to explore alternative solvent combinations and concentrating strategies that can enhance stability while minimizing risks. By fine-tuning the solvation environment, it is possible to significantly alter the battery’s electrochemical behavior.

Emerging research led by experts such as H. Qi and P. Liv underscores the importance of both fundamental and applied aspects of solvation engineering. Their comprehensive investigations delve into the molecular dynamics of solvation at the atomic level, providing insights that bridge the gap between basic scientific inquiry and practical application in battery technology. This dual approach enhances the relevance of their findings in real-world scenarios.

Fundamental mechanisms governing solvation are manifold and intricate. Li-ion solvation involves the formation of solvation shells, which can influence ion migration rates and charge transfer kinetics. Factors such as solvent polarity, viscosity, and concentration must be meticulously controlled to optimize these interactions. For example, polar solvents tend to stabilize lithium ions effectively but may hinder solvent diffusion rates. Identifying the right balance between ion stabilization and solvent mobility is crucial for enhancing electrochemical performance.

One of the promising approaches in solvation engineering is the use of mixed solvents. By combining different solvent species, researchers can create a solvation environment that capitalizes on the strengths of each solvent while mitigating their weaknesses. This blend can facilitate better lithium ion mobility and improved electrolyte electrochemical window without compromising safety. The strategic mixing of solvents can unlock new performance metrics, redefining what is possible within lithium-ion battery technology.

Moreover, the solvation environment also affects the formation of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI), a crucial layer that forms on the electrode surfaces during battery cycling. The properties of the SEI directly impact battery life and performance, as it influences charge transfer and contributes to the overall stability of the battery. An optimized solvation environment can lead to a more robust SEI, ensuring longevity and efficiency of lithium-ion cells.

In addition, ionic liquid-based solvents present a groundbreaking alternative in solvation engineering. Thanks to their unique properties, including thermal stability, low volatility, and non-flammability, ionic liquids offer a promising pathway for designing safer and more enduring lithium-ion batteries. By studying how lithium ions interact with ionic liquid solvents, researchers can gain crucial insights that could lead to revolutionary improvements in energy storage systems.

The incorporation of high-concentration electrolytes is another fascinating aspect of solvation engineering. High concentrations of lithium salts in solvent mixtures can lead to a more ordered solvation structure, which enhances lithium-ion conductivity and minimizes issues related to lithium dendrite formation— a major cause of battery failure. This innovative approach not only improves performance but also aligns with safety measures.

As the field of solvation engineering progresses, machine learning and computational tools are increasingly being utilized to predict and analyze solvation behavior. By simulating various solvent systems and their interactions on a molecular level, researchers can quickly identify optimal compositions for specific applications. This approach accelerates the discovery of novel solvent systems and electrolyte designs, making it possible to develop batteries with unprecedented performance characteristics.

In summary, solvation engineering in lithium-ion batteries bridges fundamental science with practical applications, opening pathways to next-generation energy storage solutions. Through an understanding of solvation mechanisms, researchers are poised to redefine electrolyte design, paving the way for safer, more efficient batteries that can meet the growing demands of modern technology.

The ongoing investigation into solvation engineering promises profound implications for the future of lithium-ion batteries. As the field evolves, breakthroughs in electrolyte design leveraging insights from solvation engineering are likely to emerge, addressing current limitations and enhancing battery performance, safety, and longevity. The collaborative efforts of scientists across disciplines will be instrumental in propelling this critical research area into the spotlight, ultimately creating a sustainable future powered by advanced lithium-ion battery technologies.

The trajectory of lithium-ion battery development is inextricably linked to advancements in solvation engineering. As our understanding of solvent interactions deepens, the landscape of battery technology will continue to transform, bringing forth innovations that will underpin the next generation of energy storage solutions.

With the pressing need for sustainable energy storage alternatives, solvation engineering stands at the forefront of battery research, promising not only to enhance performance but to ensure that these energy solutions are safe, reliable, and conducive to a greener future.

As we dive deeper into this bold new era of research, it is crucial to support and promote interdisciplinary collaboration among chemists, material scientists, and engineers focused on solvation engineering. The stakes are high, given that the success of energy transition hinges upon the ability to innovate in battery technology.

Ultimately, as we galvanize our efforts toward perfecting the science of solvation in lithium-ion batteries, we are not just addressing the immediate needs of the energy sector but also setting the stage for sustainable advancements that could reshape our relationship with energy consumption and storage for generations to come.

Subject of Research: Solvation engineering in lithium-ion batteries.

Article Title: Solvation engineering in lithium-ion batteries: from fundamental mechanisms to electrolyte design.

Article References:

Qi, H., Liv, P. Solvation engineering in lithium-ion batteries: from fundamental mechanisms to electrolyte design.
Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06719-x

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06719-x

Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, solvation engineering, electrolyte design, energy storage, battery performance.

The need for such comprehensive modeling stems from the complex nature of lithium-ion batteries, where electrochemical processes occur simultaneously with thermal and mechanical changes. Traditional approaches often isolate these processes, leading to incomplete insights about battery behavior. The new model developed by Li and colleagues integrates these fundamental aspects, allowing for a more holistic view of the phenomena influencing battery health and efficiency. This integration provides crucial information for the design and operation of batteries, particularly under stressful conditions such as rapid charging and extreme temperatures.

The electrochemical component of the model analyzes the transport of lithium ions and the resulting reactions at the electrodes. It highlights how reaction kinetics and concentration gradients can influence overall battery performance, revealing that even minor deviations in these parameters can lead to significant impacts on efficiency and thermal stability. Understanding these kinetics provides a vital framework for engineers and researchers looking to enhance energy density and cycle life in future battery systems.

Thermal management is critical in maintaining battery safety and performance; the model addresses this by examining heat generation during battery operation. As batteries charge and discharge, varying rates of heat generation can lead to different temperature gradients within the cell. This thermal analysis is crucial since overheating can result in thermal runaway, a dangerous condition that can damage the battery and pose safety risks. The study meticulously quantifies these heat generation rates, shocking those familiar with traditional safety thresholds, and lays the groundwork for future cooling system designs and thermal management strategies.

The model’s mechanical coupling adds another layer of sophistication, focusing on how internal stresses evolve due to temperature changes and electrochemical reactions during cycling. As lithium ions move into the electrode material, volumetric changes occur, inducing mechanical strain. Such strain can lead to microcracking and, ultimately, failure of the battery. The team’s analysis of stress-strain relationships emphasizes the importance of materials engineering, advocating for the development of flexible and resilient materials that can withstand the strenuous conditions within LIBs.

Each component of the model is validated with experimental data, providing a strong foundation for the model’s reliability and applicability. The researchers conducted rigorous tests, comparing the outcomes predicted by the model with real-world battery performance under various loading conditions. The correlation between the model’s predictions and the experimental outcomes illustrates the model’s strength and accuracy, making it a robust tool for predicting battery lifespan and behavior across different applications.

Furthermore, this model’s implementation is expected to change how manufacturers approach battery design. The findings could inform better material selection and cell architecture, leading to improvements in energy storage systems across multiple industries. By applying knowledge gleaned from the model, researchers can pursue innovations that not only enhance the performance of existing systems but also pioneer breakthrough configurations that are more efficient and longer-lasting.

Emerging from this research is the possibility of advanced algorithms that can predict battery performance in real-time. Such innovations could lead to smart battery management systems that autonomously optimize charging and discharging cycles based on current operational conditions. These systems could drastically reduce the risks associated with battery failure while simultaneously enhancing user trust in battery-driven technologies.

As the world gravitates towards sustainable energy solutions, the development of more efficient and safe lithium-ion batteries is paramount. This multi-scale model offers invaluable insights that can accelerate the shift towards greener alternatives to fossil fuels. As businesses and consumers alike demand better energy solutions, the implications of this research extend far beyond mere performance metrics—touching on the vital intersection of technology, sustainability, and safety.

In conclusion, the work advanced by P. Li and his research team exemplifies the future of lithium-ion battery technology. By creating an integrative multi-scale electrochemical-thermal–mechanical coupling model rooted in layer-wise theory, they have opened avenues to understanding the multifaceted processes at play within these critical energy storage devices. The broader impacts of this research could lead to safer, more efficient batteries that meet evolving consumer needs and environmental standards.

The journey of battery innovation is far from over, and this study marks a significant milestone in pushing the boundaries of what is possible. As researchers continue to explore and refine these fundamental insights, we may soon see a new era of lithium-ion batteries that combine performance, durability, and safety in ways previously unimaginable.

Subject of Research: Multi-scale electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupling model for lithium-ion batteries

Article Title: A multi-scale electrochemical-thermal–mechanical coupling model for lithium-ion batteries based on layer-wise theory and its stress–strain impact analysis.

Article References:

Li, P., Bai, S., Zhang, X. et al. A multi-scale electrochemical-thermal–mechanical coupling model for lithium-ion batteries based on layer-wise theory and its stress–strain impact analysis.
Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06584-8

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06584-8

Keywords: lithium-ion batteries, electrochemistry, thermal management, mechanical properties, modeling, multi-scale coupling, layer-wise theory, performance optimization

MXenes, a family of two-dimensional materials, have gained attention for their unique properties, such as high conductivity, large surface area, and excellent mechanical strength. These characteristics make MXenes particularly suitable for energy storage applications. The research indicates that integrating MXenes with other materials leads to hybrid composites that not only retain the beneficial properties of individual constituents but also introduce new synergistic effects that dramatically enhance electrochemical performance.

The synthesis strategies discussed in this research reflect a range of innovative methods to fabricate MXene-based hybrid composites. Techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal synthesis, and solution-based methods are explored, each offering distinct advantages in terms of controlling the morphology and chemical composition of the final product. These strategies are vital as they allow for the customization of properties to meet specific energy storage requirements.

Electrochemical performance, a cornerstone of any battery technology, is meticulously analyzed in this study. The authors present experimental results demonstrating how MXene-based hybrids exhibit superior rate capability and cycling stability compared to conventional battery materials. These enhancements are attributed to the efficient electron transport facilitated by MXenes and the increased electroactive surface area provided by the hybrid structures.

Further exploration into the mechanism of lithium-ion storage in these composites reveals promising insights. The study highlights the role of MXenes in facilitating faster lithium-ion diffusion pathways, essential for achieving high charge and discharge rates. Understanding these mechanisms is critical in optimizing materials for commercial applications, ultimately influencing the design of next-generation batteries.

Moreover, environmental sustainability is an underlying theme in the research. The development of hybrid composites from MXenes raises questions about the lifecycle impacts of these materials. The researchers advocate for continued investigation into the ecological implications, emphasizing that while performance is essential, sustainability should not be overlooked as the industry pushes towards greener technologies.

The interface between MXenes and traditional battery materials, such as graphite or lithium metal, also warrants significant attention. The interfacial interactions can lead to enhanced electrochemical behavior, offering pathways for improved ion access and reduced resistance. This study underscores the importance of understanding these interactions to maximize the potential of MXene-based hybrids in real-world applications.

In the context of commercial viability, the researchers discuss challenges that remain for the widespread adoption of MXene-based materials. Issues regarding scalability of synthesis processes, cost implications, and the consistency of material properties are associated with traditional routes of production. To address these challenges, novel synthesis methods that are both cost-effective and easily scalable are crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory success and industrial implementation.

The comprehensive review presented in the research highlights a clear roadmap for future advancements in the field. The authors outline key areas where further research is essential, such as the exploration of alternative MXene compositions and hybrid material combinations, as well as long-term stability assessments under practical operating conditions. These insights aim to guide the scientific community’s efforts to push the boundaries of lithium-ion battery technology.

The implications of this research extend beyond the immediate applications in consumer electronics; they resonate with the broader vision of energy storage solutions necessary for the integration of renewable energy sources. As the world shifts towards greener energy models, the enhancements brought forth by MXene-based materials may hold the key to scalable and efficient energy storage systems, critical for balancing supply and demand in sustainable power grids.

Thus, the findings presented in this study are poised to make a significant impact on the future of battery technology, potentially transforming the landscape of how we store and utilize energy. As researchers and engineers continue to optimize these advanced materials, the quest for more efficient, sustainable, and powerful batteries takes another hopeful leap forward.

In conclusion, the exploration of MXene-based hybrid composites for lithium-ion batteries represents a substantial stride towards overcoming current limitations in battery technology. The amalgamation of advanced synthesis techniques and in-depth electrochemical analysis encapsulates a framework for addressing energy challenges faced by society today. As the world moves towards electrification and sustainable energy systems, the insights gleaned from this research could pave the way for tomorrow’s revolutionary battery designs.

Subject of Research: MXene-based hybrid composites for lithium-ion batteries

Article Title: MXene-based hybrid composites for lithium-ion batteries: advances in synthesis strategies and electrochemical performance

Article References: Kalsoom, U., Khan, S., Kashif, M. et al. MXene-based hybrid composites for lithium-ion batteries: advances in synthesis strategies and electrochemical performance. Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06628-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06628-z

Keywords: MXenes, lithium-ion batteries, hybrid composites, electrochemical performance, energy storage.

The framework proposed in this study delves into the electro-thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries, which is crucial for optimizing their performance across various applications. As energy demands grow, understanding the intricate balance between electrical activity and thermal management becomes paramount. Batteries operate most effectively within a specific temperature range, and the presence of heat can significantly influence both efficiency and lifespan. This multifaceted approach sheds light on thermal management strategies needed to avert thermal runaway, a phenomenon that poses significant risks in battery operations.

One of the key components of the proposed model is its ability to simulate the complex interplay between electrochemical processes and thermal dynamics. Traditional approaches often consider these factors in isolation, leading to an incomplete understanding of battery performance. However, this novel DRT-enhanced framework allows researchers to analyze these components simultaneously, offering a more comprehensive perspective on battery behavior under various operating conditions. By bridging the gap between electrical and thermal analysis, the framework provides insights that can lead to more robust battery designs.

The authors emphasize the significance of accurately modeling the charge and discharge cycles of lithium-ion batteries. These cycles are critical not just for performance but also for understanding degradation mechanisms that can adversely affect the battery’s lifespan. Their study reveals that conventional models struggle to capture the nuances of these cycles, often oversimplifying the electrochemical processes at play. By employing DRT, the researchers can better represent the transient responses of the battery, thereby enhancing predictive capabilities.

Safety, a significant concern for battery technology, is another critical aspect addressed in this framework. As detailed in the research, thermal events can dramatically influence safety parameters. The model’s capacity to analyze thermal distribution alongside electrochemical performance allows for the identification of potential failure points. By modeling the heat generation and dissipation processes accurately, the framework ensures that potential safety hazards can be addressed proactively, thereby reducing the incidence of catastrophic failures.

In addition to enhancing predictive accuracy, this framework also lays the groundwork for future innovations in battery management systems (BMS). BMS plays a crucial role in monitoring battery health, optimizing performance, and ensuring safety. Integrating the DRT-enhanced model into BMS can lead to more intelligent systems that can adaptively respond to real-time data, providing operators with precise control over battery operations. This adaptive capacity is essential for the integration of battery systems into larger energy networks, especially as the demand for renewable energy sources continues to rise.

The implications of this study extend beyond the immediate improvement of lithium-ion battery performance. As the focus shifts towards more sustainable energy practices, the enhanced understanding of battery behavior can facilitate the development of next-generation energy storage solutions. Future research directions are likely to take this framework and build upon it, potentially incorporating advanced materials or novel chemistries that promise even higher energy densities and safer operations.

Research on lithium-ion batteries is vast and encompasses a multitude of variables, making the need for robust modeling frameworks more critical than ever. The DRT-enhanced approach offers a fresh perspective not only by enhancing the granularity of the models used but also by fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, engineers, and industry stakeholders. The integration of this framework into existing research paradigms may usher in a new era of innovation in battery technology.

The study presents a rigorous validation process, juxtaposing simulated results against empirical data. This validation is fundamental to establishing the reliability of any modeling framework. With this comprehensive approach, the researchers have ensured that the new model not only provides theoretical insights but can also be applied in real-world scenarios, making it an invaluable tool for ongoing research in the field.

In summary, the multidisciplinary investigation by Saban, Arslan, and Serincan reveals a promising new frontier in lithium-ion battery modeling. By employing a DRT-enhanced electro-thermal framework, the research addresses critical gaps in current methodologies and presents strategies that could inform future innovations in battery technology. As the demand for advanced energy storage solutions escalates, such breakthroughs will play an essential role in shaping a sustainable energy future.

With the integration of this enhanced modeling framework, researchers and industry professionals are better equipped to tackle the challenges associated with battery technology. From safety improvements to efficiency advancements, this study sets a new standard for understanding and optimizing lithium-ion batteries, paving the way for further developments in the field. As the global shift towards clean energy storage accelerates, such innovative approaches will undoubtedly lead the charge in achieving more efficient, safe, and sustainable energy systems.

In conclusion, this novel framework not only advances the scientific understanding of lithium-ion batteries but also provides practical insights that can be leveraged to enhance the performance and safety of these critical energy storage systems. The future of battery technology is bright, and with ongoing research and collaboration, the possibilities for innovation are limitless.

Subject of Research: Innovation in modeling lithium-ion batteries through a DRT-enhanced electro-thermal framework.

Article Title: Multiphysics modeling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel DRT-enhanced electro-thermal framework.

Article References:

Saban, O.B., Arslan, M.A. & Serincan, M.F. Multiphysics modeling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel DRT-enhanced electro-thermal framework.
Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06644-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06644-z

Keywords: lithium-ion batteries, multiphysics modeling, electro-thermal framework, DRT, energy storage, safety, battery management systems.

The core of the investigation revolves around the dielectric properties of LISICON materials, which play a pivotal role in determining their electrical conductivity and ion transport characteristics. Dielectric spectroscopy emerges as a sophisticated technique that measures the material’s response to alternating electric fields. Through this method, the researchers can assess how polarizable charges within the material behave under various frequencies, providing insight into ionic conduction pathways and mechanisms.

Understanding these mechanisms is crucial, especially in the context of lithium-ion batteries that power modern technology. The unique properties of LISICON materials, known for their high ionic conductivity, make them prime candidates for next-generation batteries. However, to optimize their performance, a comprehensive understanding of their dielectric response is essential. The study not only investigates the intrinsic properties of the LISICON structures but also explores how external factors like temperature and pressure affect ion mobility.

Electrothermal modeling complements the dielectric spectroscopy findings. By simulating thermal effects within the LISICON framework, the researchers can predict how heat generation and dissipation influence the performance of the material during operation. This dual approach combines experimental analysis with theoretical modeling, enhancing the reliability of the findings and providing a holistic view of ion transport mechanisms. Through understanding electrothermal dynamics, researchers hope to fine-tune materials for specific applications, promoting efficiency and longevity in devices.

The implications of this research extend beyond basic science; they touch on the practical aspects of energy storage systems. As the demand for renewable energy sources grows, so does the need for efficient and reliable battery technologies. The findings from this study could be instrumental in guiding future designs of lithium-ion batteries, potentially leading to increased storage capacities and faster charging times. By elucidating the ion transport pathways within LISICON structures, the research provides a roadmap for scientists and engineers aiming to develop high-performance batteries.

In addition to lithium-ion batteries, the study’s insights may also benefit other fields, such as electrochemical sensors and fuel cells. The fundamental understanding of ion transport mechanisms can be applied to improve the efficiency and selectivity of these devices. The research community is buzzing with excitement, as the findings could usher in a new era of solid-state technologies that are not only efficient but also sustainable.

As the world continues to grapple with energy challenges, innovations in materials science have become increasingly pertinent. The coupling of dielectric spectroscopy and electrothermal modeling represents a significant leap forward in our understanding of ion transport in LISICON structures. In analyzing these materials, researchers are not only advancing theoretical knowledge but also creating practical pathways for the implementation of superior energy storage systems.

The scientific community anticipates further research stemming from these findings. Future endeavors may include expanding the range of materials studied, optimizing existing LISICON compositions, or developing entirely new classes of solid electrolytes. By continuously refining our approach to materials characterization and modeling, researchers can drive significant advancements in the performance and reliability of energy systems.

Collectively, the exploration of LISICON structures through dielectric spectroscopy and electrothermal modeling heralds a promising future for energy storage technologies. The commitment to understanding the nuances of ion transport is an essential step toward developing solutions capable of meeting both current and future energy demands. As interest and investment in lithium-ion technology grow, the results from this research could very well influence the trajectory of the energy storage landscape for years to come.

In conclusion, the research conducted by Aydi and colleagues represents a confluence of advanced materials science and practical application. The findings illuminate critical pathways for optimizing ion transport in LISICON structures, thus pushing the envelope in battery technology. As we advance deeper into the 21st century, the role of such research in shaping sustainable energy solutions cannot be overstated.

Subject of Research: Ion transport mechanisms in LISICON structures through dielectric spectroscopy and electrothermal modeling.

Article Title: Dielectric spectroscopy and electrothermal modeling of LISICON structures: understanding ion transport mechanisms.

Article References:
Aydi, S., Dardouri, H., Znaidia, S. et al. Dielectric spectroscopy and electrothermal modeling of LISICON structures: understanding ion transport mechanisms.
Ionics (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06624-3

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06624-3

Keywords: LISICON, ion transport, dielectric spectroscopy, electrothermal modeling, lithium-ion batteries.