Hepatocellular carcinoma remains among the deadliest cancers globally, exacerbated by lifestyle factors such as excessive alcohol consumption and environmental carcinogens that induce molecular aberrations in hepatic cells. Traditional therapeutic avenues have often fallen short, primarily due to tumor heterogeneity and adaptive resistance mechanisms. This study by Ranjan, Sunita, and Pattanayak embarks on addressing these hurdles by utilizing MFER-Mc, a compound meticulously identified and characterized through LC-MS techniques, thus ensuring accuracy in molecular composition and purity which are critical for reproducibility and pharmacokinetic clarity.

The investigation begins with detailed in-silico analyses employing advanced computational simulations to predict the binding affinity and interaction dynamics of MFER-Mc with nuclear receptors LXR-α and LXR-β. These receptors are integral to cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and have become attractive targets for anti-cancer drug development. The computational studies revealed that MFER-Mc exhibits strong and stable binding with these receptors, suggesting its capability to modulate downstream genetic pathways that govern cell proliferation and apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells.

Subsequent in-vitro experiments utilized cultured hepatocyte models exposed to alcohol and NDEA, replicating the carcinogenic environment seen in HCC patients. Treatment with MFER-Mc led to significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by key markers such as caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, dose-dependent suppression of HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis implicated in tumor cell survival, corroborated the hypothesis that MFER-Mc exerts its anti-cancer effects through multifaceted metabolic interference.

Transitioning from cellular models to in-vivo systems, the research team employed rodent models with alcohol and NDEA-induced HCC to simulate the pathological milieu accurately. MFER-Mc administration demonstrated notable therapeutic responses, including tumor size reduction and improved liver histopathology. These effects were accompanied by modulation of LXR expression levels and downstream targets, validating the mechanistic pathways predicted in the in-silico phase. Importantly, the compound exhibited a favorable safety profile with minimal systemic toxicity, an essential consideration for clinical translation.

The study’s integrative approach underscores the potential of targeting nuclear receptors such as LXR-α and LXR-β, alongside the HMG-CoA pathway, constituting a dual-pronged attack against HCC. Their regulation is crucial not only in lipid metabolism but also in mediating inflammatory responses and cellular energy status, all of which contribute to tumorigenesis. By harnessing MFER-Mc to appropriately harness these pathways, the research suggests a paradigm where metabolic modulation becomes a cornerstone in cancer therapy, transcending the conventional cytotoxic strategies.

Another pivotal aspect of the research pertains to the utilization of high-precision LC-MS characterization, conferring an unmatched level of detail regarding the chemical nature and stability of MFER-Mc. This analytical rigor facilitates reproducible synthesis and aids in understanding the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics critical for drug development. Such precision is indispensable in discerning subtle structural variations that may dictate bioavailability and receptor affinity, ultimately influencing therapeutic outcomes.

Equally compelling is the study’s exploration of the hepatoprotective attributes of MFER-Mc. Given that liver tissue is constantly challenged by oxidative stress and inflammatory insults induced by alcohol and NDEA, compounds that can also mitigate these insults hold substantial promise. Data from the in-vivo trials indicate reduced markers of oxidative damage and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that MFER-Mc not only suppresses tumor growth but also preserves hepatic function, a dual advantage for patients suffering from HCC.

This research contributes profoundly to the expanding field of systems pharmacology, where drug actions are viewed within the broader network of cellular pathways and metabolic circuits. By intertwining computational insights with experimental validation, the study exemplifies how integrated methodologies can accelerate the discovery of potent therapeutics capable of targeting complex diseases like cancer more effectively. The synergy between LXR modulation and HMG-CoA pathway inhibition presents a novel combinatorial mechanism that could inspire future drug design endeavors beyond hepatic oncology.

The implications of these findings transcend laboratory settings, holding the potential to impact clinical management strategies for patients at high risk of HCC due to alcohol abuse and environmental carcinogen exposure. The prospect of introducing a compound like MFER-Mc into therapeutic regimens could enhance survival outcomes while reducing side effects associated with current chemotherapeutic agents. The research paves the way for subsequent clinical trials, which are crucial to confirm efficacy and optimize dosing protocols in human subjects.

Furthermore, this study enriches scientific understanding of the molecular underpinnings of HCC progression. By delineating the roles of LXRs and HMG-CoA enzyme activity in hepatocarcinogenesis, it opens avenues for biomarker development that can predict disease progression or therapeutic response. Such markers are invaluable for personalized medicine approaches, enabling clinicians to tailor interventions based on individual metabolic and genetic profiles, thereby maximizing treatment efficacy.

In addition to its therapeutic promise, the multidisciplinary approach of this investigation highlights the synergy between advanced analytical chemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and computational modeling, setting a precedent for future cancer research endeavors. The successful correlation among in-silico predictions, in-vitro functional assays, and in-vivo pathophysiological outcomes illustrates the strength of comprehensive, multi-level analysis in overcoming the complexities associated with cancer therapeutics.

The research team’s dedication to elucidating the mechanistic depth of MFER-Mc’s anticancer activity underscores the evolving nature of drug discovery where therapeutic candidates are scrutinized beyond mere efficacy metrics. Understanding how a compound interacts within intricate biological networks informs not only safety and toxicity assessments but also guides combinatorial therapy designs, resilience against resistance, and long-term management of cancer remission.

This study invites a broader reconsideration of metabolic pathways as targets in oncology, emphasizing that diseases like HCC are intricately linked to systemic metabolic dysregulations. The integration of LXR and HMG-CoA pathways within therapeutic strategies reflects an emerging consensus that effective cancer treatment must reconcile the metabolic demands of tumors with host physiology. MFER-Mc’s ability to navigate these pathways represents a novel therapeutic avenue that may establish a new standard in hepatic cancer treatment.

Ultimately, the promise of MFER-Mc extends into public health realms as well, offering hope for populations severely affected by hepatic carcinogens associated with lifestyle and environmental factors. If translated successfully into clinical therapies, this compound could mark a milestone in reducing the burden of liver cancer globally, aligning with broader efforts to mitigate risks associated with alcohol abuse and chemical carcinogen exposure. More broadly, it exemplifies the potential of rational drug design coupled with cutting-edge molecular profiling to generate next-generation oncological treatments.

Subject of Research: Therapeutic potential of LC-MS characterized MFER-Mc against alcohol and NDEA-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via LXR-α, LXR-β, and HMG-CoA pathways.

Article Title: A therapeutic approach of LC-MS characterised MFER-Mc against alcohol and NDEA induced hepatocellular carcinoma activity through LXR-α, LXR-β and HMG-CoA pathway: an in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo study.

Article References:
Ranjan, S., Sunita, P. & Pattanayak, S.P. A therapeutic approach of LC-MS characterised MFER-Mc against alcohol and NDEA induced hepatocellular carcinoma activity through LXR-α, LXR-β and HMG-CoA pathway: an in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo study. Med Oncol 43, 101 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-025-03175-5

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-025-03175-5

The study at the center of this exploration outlines the intriguing biochemical pathways through which the Zuogui Pill exerts its effects. The research team conducted a comprehensive proteomic analysis to identify specific proteins that are modulated in response to the treatment. By employing LC-MS techniques, they were able to uncover a variety of proteins that play crucial roles in metabolic pathways, hormonal balance, and ovarian function. This level of granularity is essential for understanding not only how the Zuogui Pill works but also which components are vital for its efficacy. The insights gathered could potentially pave the way for targeted therapies that leverage these mechanisms, leading to reduced side effects compared to conventional pharmacological treatments.

In traditional Chinese medicine, the Zuogui Pill has been utilized for centuries to support reproductive health and treat various gynecological disorders. Its formulation includes a rich blend of herbal ingredients purported to nourish yin and tonify kidney function, which ancient practitioners believed to be integral to female reproductive health. With the advent of modern scientific methodologies, researchers are now able to provide empirical support for the historical use of this remedy. The study demonstrates how combining traditional knowledge with contemporary research techniques can yield new understandings and applications for age-old treatments.

The potential benefits of the Zuogui Pill are especially compelling given the complex nature of PCOS, which often requires multifaceted treatment strategies. Current conventional methods primarily focus on regulating menstrual cycles and managing symptoms through hormonal therapies or metformin. However, these treatments can come with unwanted side effects. The findings from the recent study suggest that the Zuogui Pill may improve metabolic profiles, regulate hormone levels, and enhance ovulatory function in women with PCOS, providing a holistic alternative that aligns with the body’s natural rhythms.

Most notably, the research indicates significant alterations in protein expression levels associated with inflammation and ovarian function. Inflammation has been identified as a contributor to the pathogenesis of PCOS, further complicating its clinical management. By identifying proteins involved in inflammatory pathways, the study establishes a clearer understanding of how the Zuogui Pill could mitigate these effects, potentially lowering the risk of associated comorbidities such as insulin resistance and diabetes.

Moreover, the role of specific bioactive compounds within the Zuogui Pill has also come under scrutiny in this investigation. The researchers were able to profile various metabolites influenced by the treatment, fostering a certain level of understanding regarding the pharmacokinetics of herbal preparations. This aspect of the study is critical, as it emphasizes the importance of dose-response relationships and the duration of treatment in determining therapeutic outcomes. By uncovering these dynamics, the research team hopes to establish guidelines that can help standardize the use of the Zuogui Pill in clinical settings.

The implications of these findings extend beyond just PCOS treatment. They raise questions about the intersection of traditional medicine and modern scientific practices. With the increasing consumer interest in herbal remedies, scientific validation of products like the Zuogui Pill could encourage its incorporation into mainstream healthcare. This integration would require a concerted effort from the scientific community to execute well-designed clinical trials that examine the efficacy and safety of herbal preparations in larger populations.

However, challenges remain in bridging the gap between traditional uses and modern medical frameworks. Most herbal treatments lack the rigorous testing that pharmaceutical drugs undergo, leading to variability in potency and side effects. Therefore, standardization and quality control measures must be implemented as integral components of research and clinical application moving forward. The journey of the Zuogui Pill serves as a microcosm of the greater discussion surrounding herbal medicine’s role in contemporary healthcare.

As more studies like this emerge, they will likely shift the cultural narrative surrounding the efficacy of plant-based treatments. By elucidating the molecular and biochemical basis of their action, especially in relation to complex diseases like PCOS, scientists may find themselves in a position to advocate not only for their integration into clinical practice but also for broader acceptance among healthcare providers.

Looking to the future, continued research focusing on elucidating the mechanisms of traditional remedies offers the promise of novel therapeutic avenues for addressing both PCOS and other related health concerns. The Zuogui Pill, with its historical proven track record and evolving scientific backing, could offer a paradigm shift in how we approach, understand, and treat this widespread endocrine disorder.

Importantly, as awareness of PCOS increases alongside this research, the dialogue surrounding women’s health issues will continue to gain traction. The intent is to mitigate the stigma often associated with the disorder and promote a more informed, health-oriented discussion about managing symptoms, seeking treatment, and living well with the condition.

Overall, the interplay of ancient wisdom, modern technology, and rigorous scientific inquiry heralds a new chapter in healthcare. The exciting potential of combining herbal medicine with the advanced analytical techniques can lead to the development of effective, natural, and holistic treatment paradigms that honor both individual health journeys and community well-being.

This transformative approach may indeed redefine our understanding of health and wellness, providing actionable insights backed by research to power informed choices. As we stand on the brink of a deeper understanding of PCOS and the treatment options available, one thing is clear: holistic treatments like the Zuogui Pill hold promise as an essential component for many women navigating the complexities of their reproductive health.

Ultimately, the lessons learned from the exploration of the Zuogui Pill can inspire further inquiries into how traditional remedies can coexist with modern medical practices to create a more comprehensive approach to healthcare.

Subject of Research: Mechanism of the Zuogui Pill in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

Article Title: Mechanism of Zuogui pill in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome based on LC-MS and proteomics.

Article References:

Ke, Y., Tang, Y., He, J. et al. Mechanism of Zuogui pill in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome based on LC-MS and proteomics. J Ovarian Res 18, 205 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-025-01802-3

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI:

Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Zuogui Pill, LC-MS, proteomics, herbal medicine

Thalassemia, a hereditary blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production, remains a significant global health burden, especially in regions with high prevalence rates such as the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa. Traditional newborn screening methods, typically reliant on electrophoresis or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), often face limitations in sensitivity, specificity, cost, and throughput capacity. Addressing these challenges, researchers have now fine-tuned an LC–MS-based protocol that delivers scalable and cost-efficient newborn screening, bridging the gap between technological capabilities and real-world diagnostic needs.

The methodology hinges on leveraging LC–MS, an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry. This coupling allows for the detailed profiling of hemoglobin variants with unprecedented accuracy. By optimizing the sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometry detection parameters, the team has succeeded in markedly enhancing the method’s throughput and sensitivity, which are critical for screening the massive influx of newborn samples in clinical settings.

A central pillar of this advancement is the protocol’s ability to distinguish among a spectrum of hemoglobin variants and thalassemia-related mutations with high precision, even in complex biological matrices like dried blood spots commonly used in neonatal screening. The careful calibration of the LC gradient, coupled with refined ionization settings and targeted mass fragmentation patterns, allows the platform to reliably detect subtle molecular differences indicative of disease states, surpassing the resolution of earlier screening methods.

Cost efficiency forms a vital aspect of this innovation. Conventional neonatal screening programs can be prohibitively expensive, especially in resource-limited settings where thalassemia prevalence is often highest. By streamlining the analytical workflow, reducing reagent consumption, and enabling multiplexed sample processing, the new LC–MS-based approach dramatically reduces per-sample costs. This economic feasibility opens remarkable new avenues for expanding national newborn screening programs and addressing health disparities in underserved populations.

High-throughput capacity is another hallmark of the method. The researchers report significant improvements in sample processing rates, enabling hundreds of newborn samples to be analyzed per day with minimal manual intervention. Automation compatible protocols streamline the analysis pipeline, ensuring reproducibility while freeing technical staff from labor-intensive procedures. This scalability makes the method a viable solution for integration into large-scale health systems, where timely results are essential for effective disease management.

Technically, the study highlights innovative modifications to standard LC–MS workflows that enhance the detection of hemoglobin variants. The use of specific chromatographic columns designed for optimal separation of globin chains, combined with finely tuned mass spectrometer parameters such as selected reaction monitoring (SRM), fortifies the assay’s analytical performance. These enhancements reduce background noise and improve signal-to-noise ratios, facilitating the identification of rare variant species even at low abundance in neonatal samples.

In addition to analytical refinements, the research team addressed practical challenges related to newborn sample collection and preservation. Employing dried blood spots as the matrix of choice significantly simplifies logistics and storage requirements without compromising analytical quality. This approach aligns with public health infrastructure in many parts of the world and enables retrospective analysis if needed, further underscoring the method’s versatility.

Beyond technical considerations, the development embodies a paradigm shift in precision medicine applied to hematologic disorders. Early detection via robust screening allows prompt clinical decision-making, including initiation of therapies, genetic counseling, and family screening, effectively curbing disease progression and improving quality of life for affected individuals. Deploying such an advanced screening tool in newborn populations could thus dramatically reduce the long-term healthcare burden associated with untreated thalassemia and related conditions.

Environmental and operational sustainability is another subtle but important advantage of the new method. Reduction in reagent waste and the minimized need for consumables align with greener laboratory practices, resonating with global efforts to limit scientific operations’ ecological footprints. Such attributes are likely to attract attention from policymakers and healthcare providers committed to sustainable development goals.

Looking forward, the LC–MS platform’s adaptability offers fertile ground for expansion to other hemoglobinopathies and genetic blood disorders. The modular design of the assay permits inclusion of additional analytes and molecular markers, potentially enabling comprehensive neonatal genetic screening panels in a single run. This extensibility could pivot neonatal diagnostics into a new era of multiplexed, non-invasive, and holistic health assessments from the earliest stages of life.

Integration with digital health technologies further enhances the future prospects of this method. Combining LC–MS data with AI-driven analytics and electronic health record systems could enable real-time decision support, pattern recognition, and population health monitoring. Such convergence would optimize personalized patient care pathways and public health strategies alike, heralding smart neonatal screening ecosystems.

Crucially, rigorous validation studies underpin the credibility of this innovation. Extensive clinical trials comparing the new LC–MS approach against gold-standard methods demonstrate concordant or superior diagnostic accuracy, with exceptional reproducibility across diverse clinical cohorts. These findings affirm the method’s readiness for deployment in routine clinical labs and encourage regulatory acceptance.

The research community has applauded the project for its cross-disciplinary collaboration among clinical chemists, hematologists, bioengineers, and data scientists. This multidisciplinary synergy was instrumental in overcoming technical hurdles and refining the assay for clinical robustness. Such integrative team science exemplifies the future of medical technology innovation.

Given the rising global incidence of hemoglobinopathies and the critical importance of newborn screening, the implications of this method are profound. Widespread adoption could reduce neonatal mortality rates, minimize disease complications through early intervention, and ultimately reshape health outcomes on a population scale. The democratization of advanced diagnostic tools stands to bring equity to vulnerable communities worldwide.

In conclusion, the development of this low-cost, high-throughput LC–MS method marks a landmark achievement in newborn screening for thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobin disorders. Its combination of technical sophistication, affordability, and scalability paves the way for a new standard in neonatal diagnostics. As healthcare systems embrace such innovations, millions of newborns will benefit from timely, reliable detection and the promise of better health trajectories from the very start of life.

Subject of Research: Newborn screening of thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobin disorders using LC–MS technology.

Article Title: Development of a low-cost and high-throughput LC–MS method for newborn screening of thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobin disorders.

Article References:
Huang, WX., Cai, YX., Yang, J. et al. Development of a low-cost and high-throughput LC–MS method for newborn screening of thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobin disorders. World J Pediatr (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-025-00962-y

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-025-00962-y

The research harnesses the power of targeted metabolomics—a sophisticated technique leveraging liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry—to dissect the plasma composition of 20 patients diagnosed with AUD, juxtaposed against 19 healthy controls. This meticulous biochemical snapshot renders an unprecedented window into the disturbed metabolic pathways characterizing AUD, providing a high-resolution map of altered small molecules that could serve as harbingers of the disorder and its psychological sequelae.

Central to the study’s revelations is the identification of arginine, an amino acid, as a discriminative biomarker impeccably associated with AUD via advanced machine learning algorithms, specifically decision tree modelling complemented by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Such computational strategies enable discerning subtle yet impactful metabolic differences between affected and non-affected individuals, underscoring arginine’s potential as a clinical diagnostic indicator.

The analysis did not stop at identification but extended to exploring how metabolic dysregulation intersects with affective symptoms often observed in withdrawal phases, which frequently precipitate relapse. Depression and anxiety severity were quantified using validated scales—the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Hamilton Anxiety Scale—in the AUD cohort, enabling a correlative exploration between metabolic perturbations and emotional distress metrics. This holistic approach bridges metabolic biochemistry with neuropsychiatric manifestations, shining light on complex biopsychosocial interactions.

A particularly striking finding concerns N6-acetyl-lysine, a post-translationally modified amino acid derivative, which demonstrated a robust positive correlation with depression severity among AUD participants. This suggests that protein acetylation disturbances may directly influence affective symptomatology, possibly pointing toward aberrant epigenetic regulation or dysfunctional enzymatic activity as contributory mechanisms to mood dysregulation in AUD.

Conversely, succinic acid, a key metabolite in the mitochondrial citric acid cycle, exhibited an inverse correlation with anxiety severity, signaling the crucial role of mitochondrial energy metabolism in modulating anxiety-related phenotypes in this population. The data imply that mitochondrial dysfunction, manifesting through altered succinic acid dynamics, underlies neurochemical imbalances associated with anxiety symptoms during withdrawal or ongoing AUD pathology.

The spectrum of differential metabolites documented spans a remarkable 178 distinct entities distributed across 17 super-classes, with amino acids, peptides, and their analogues predominating. This extensive metabolic groundwork accentuates the multifactorial biochemical perturbations accompanying AUD, reflecting disruptions not only in neurotransmitter precursors but also in systemic metabolic homeostasis.

Moreover, the study highlights the cAMP signaling pathway as the most significantly implicated biochemical cascade linked to AUD. Given that cAMP serves as a critical second messenger governing diverse cellular processes including neurotransmission and neuroplasticity, its alteration may provide a mechanistic nexus connecting metabolic dysregulation to neurobehavioral outcomes in AUD.

The methodological integration of metabolomics with machine learning and bioinformatics exemplifies a progressive paradigm in psychiatric research. By employing computational models capable of managing high-dimensional data, the study exemplifies precision medicine’s potential to refine psychiatric diagnostics and identify targeted metabolic interventions that could ameliorate emotional symptoms tied to substance use disorders.

These findings not only enrich our biochemical understanding of AUD but also herald promising avenues for biomarker-driven diagnostics, which could transcend conventional subjective assessments and facilitate objective, reproducible detection of AUD stages or relapse risk. Additionally, elucidating metabolic contributors to emotional dysregulation offers promising targets for novel therapeutics aimed at reducing relapse triggers rooted in mood disturbances.

Furthermore, by casting light on mitochondrial dysfunction’s role in emotional symptoms through metabolites like succinic acid, the research propels mitochondrial bioenergetics as a frontier for developing adjunctive treatments addressing the neurological and affective dimensions of AUD. This may inspire clinical trials testing compounds that restore mitochondrial function or modulate related metabolic pathways.

In totality, this investigation pioneers an integrated molecular-phenotypic approach, blending precise metabolite quantification with psychological evaluations to parse the multifactorial pathophysiology of AUD. It advocates for the incorporation of metabolomics-informed biomarkers in clinical workflows, which could revolutionize how addiction psychiatry diagnoses, monitors, and treats patients by tailoring interventions to individual metabolic profiles.

As the global health community grapples with escalating AUD prevalence and the stubborn challenge of relapse fueled by negative emotional states, such innovative studies mark a strategic inflection point. Leveraging high-throughput metabolomic data alongside sophisticated analytic algorithms brings us closer to unraveling AUD’s biochemical essence and crafting efficacious, personalized treatment regimens designed to curb disease burden.

The promise of metabolomic diagnostics in psychiatric disorders, particularly AUD, signals a transformative era where objective molecular signatures complement traditional behavioral diagnostics, augmenting therapeutic precision and improving patient outcomes. This research constitutes a paradigm shift emphasizing the critical intersection of metabolism, emotion, and addiction.

Future directions inspired by these findings might include expanding cohort sizes to validate arginine and other metabolites as universal biomarkers for AUD, exploring longitudinal metabolomic changes throughout disease progression and recovery, and testing targeted metabolic modulators to ameliorate withdrawal-associated mood symptoms. Such efforts will continue to bridge the gap between molecular neuroscience and clinical psychiatry.

In conclusion, this study provides a beacon of insight into the nuanced metabolic disturbances inherent to Alcohol Use Disorder, positioning arginine, N6-acetyl-lysine, and succinic acid as central figures in the diagnosis and emotional landscape of the disease. It invites the scientific community to embrace metabolomic technologies and computational intelligence as indispensable tools revolutionizing addiction research and treatment paradigms in the 21st century.

Subject of Research: Alcohol Use Disorder metabolic profiling and its relationship with emotional symptoms through plasma metabolomics.

Article Title: Plasma metabolic profiles in alcohol use disorder: diagnostic role of arginine and emotional implications of N6-acetyl-lysine and succinic acid

Article References:
Cao, G., Chen, B., Sun, Y. et al. Plasma metabolic profiles in alcohol use disorder: diagnostic role of arginine and emotional implications of N6-acetyl-lysine and succinic acid. BMC Psychiatry 25, 563 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07014-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07014-9