The research is grounded in the cognitive-affective personality system theory, often abbreviated as CAPS. This framework, developed in personality psychology, holds that human behavior in any situation emerges from the interaction between cognitive processes, such as goals, expectations, and plans, and affective processes, such as emotions and feelings. Rather than treating motivation as a single entity, CAPS suggests that the same external feature of an environment can trigger parallel but separable psychological responses. Applied to online education, this means a leaderboard or a badge might simultaneously sharpen a learner’s commitment to a goal and heighten the enjoyment of the learning experience itself, and each of those responses may independently feed the decision to keep using the platform.

To test this idea, the researchers distinguished between different categories of gamification rather than treating it as an undifferentiated blob. Gamified course design can incorporate many elements, including points, badges, leaderboards, levels, progress indicators, and rewards, and these elements differ in what they signal to learners. Some primarily convey achievement and progress toward mastery, while others emphasize social comparison or immediate fun. The study’s central question was whether these categories influence a learner’s continuous use intention toward massive open online courses, which the authors abbreviate as CUIM, and if so, through what internal mechanisms that influence travels.

The empirical backbone of the study is a survey effort that combined offline and online questionnaires, ultimately yielding 416 valid samples. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling, or PLS-SEM, a statistical technique widely used in information systems and education research when researchers want to test how a network of hypothesized relationships fits observed data. Structural equation modeling allows investigators to estimate both the direct effect of a predictor on an outcome and the indirect effects that pass through mediating variables, which is exactly what a dual-path model demands. In this design, the mediators were goal commitment and perceived enjoyment, two constructs with very different psychological flavors.

Goal commitment refers to a learner’s determination to reach a learning target, the sense of attachment to an objective that sustains effort over time. Perceived enjoyment, by contrast, captures the intrinsic pleasure a learner derives from the activity itself, independent of any external payoff. These two constructs map neatly onto the cognitive and affective halves of the CAPS framework, which is why the authors describe their model as dual-path. The hypothesis was that gamification categories would be positively associated with both goal commitment and perceived enjoyment, and that each of those psychological states would, in turn, strengthen the intention to continue using the MOOC platform.

The results supported this architecture. The proposed model accounted for most of the variance in continuous use intention, a strikingly high explanatory figure in a field where models often leave the majority of behavioral intention unexplained. Gamification categories showed a positive relationship with continuous use intention, confirming that the design of game-like features matters for retention. More importantly, the study demonstrated that this relationship is mediated by both goal commitment and perceived enjoyment, meaning the effect of gamification on retention flows through these two psychological states rather than operating as a raw, unexplained stimulus-response link.

That dual mediation carries a significant theoretical punch. If gamification worked only through enjoyment, designers could conclude that fun is all that matters, and any playful veneer would do. If it worked only through goal commitment, the implication would be that game elements are valuable chiefly as progress-tracking and goal-priming devices. The finding that both paths carry weight suggests that effective gamified course design must engage learners cognitively and affectively at the same time. Elements that help learners set, visualize, and commit to goals do different work from elements that make the moment-to-moment experience delightful, and a well-designed course needs both kinds of machinery running in parallel.

The practical stakes are considerable. MOOC platforms operate in a fiercely competitive attention economy, and learner retention is arguably their single most important metric, since a course that learners abandon generates no learning, no revenue, and no reputation. The study’s authors frame their work as providing practical insights for designing more engaging gamified MOOCs aimed at boosting learner retention. In concrete terms, the dual-path model gives designers a diagnostic checklist: a gamification scheme should be evaluated not only for whether learners like it, but for whether it genuinely strengthens their commitment to learning goals. A platform that nails one pathway while neglecting the other may be leaving retention on the table.

The research also contributes to a broader scientific conversation about how digital environments shape motivation. Educational technologists have debated for more than a decade whether gamification produces lasting engagement or merely a short-lived novelty effect. By anchoring their model in an established theory of personality and motivation and testing it with a validated statistical approach on a substantial sample, Li and Zhao provide empirical evidence that gamification’s influence is psychologically structured rather than arbitrary. The dual-path finding aligns with a wider consensus in motivational science that sustained engagement depends on both intrinsic enjoyment and goal-directed commitment, and it shows how game elements can be engineered to serve both.

The study, received in September 2025 and accepted in September 2026, was supported by funding from the China Association of Higher Education and related research foundations, and it was published open access under a Creative Commons license. The authors declare no competing interests, and the survey procedures followed ethical guidelines for anonymized, consent-based questionnaire research. For the millions of learners who sign up for online courses each year and the institutions that build them, the message of this research is refreshingly concrete: keep learners by making their goals visible and their experience enjoyable, because retention lives where cognition and emotion meet.

Subject of Research: The psychological mechanisms linking gamification categories to continuous use intention toward massive open online courses

Article Title: The dual-path mechanism underlying the influence of gamification categories on continuous use intention toward MOOCs

Article References: Li, Y., & Zhao, M. (2026). The dual-path mechanism underlying the influence of gamification categories on continuous use intention toward MOOCs. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09297-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1057/s41599-026-09297-z

Keywords: gamification, MOOCs, continuous use intention, goal commitment, perceived enjoyment, dual-path model, CAPS theory, PLS-SEM, learner retention, online education, motivation, educational technology