The research was led by Dr. Mitsue Nagamine, a Collaborative Researcher in the Department of Public Health at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Toyama and Professor at the Institute for Liberal Arts, Institute of Science Tokyo. Working alongside Professor Kenta Matsumura of the University of Toyama and Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Assistant Professor Akiko Tsuchida, and Professor Emeritus Hidekuni Inadera, Nagamine’s team mined the enormous dataset of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, one of the most comprehensive birth cohort investigations in the world. Their paper was published online in the Journal of Health Psychology on June 28, 2026, and details how a mother’s initial emotional response to pregnancy relates to her child’s developmental trajectory years later, and how postpartum social support may mediate that relationship.

Pregnancy represents one of the most profound emotional and physical transitions a woman can experience. While the physiological changes of gestation are well documented, the psychological dimension of pregnancy and the postpartum period has increasingly drawn scientific attention in recent decades. Anxiety and depression during pregnancy and after birth are common, and a substantial body of evidence now indicates that a mother’s emotional well-being does not remain confined to her own body and mind. Maternal stress, mood disturbances, and psychological strain have all been linked, in varying degrees, to delays in children’s cognitive, motor, and social development. This accumulating knowledge has pushed healthcare systems worldwide to place greater emphasis on identifying mothers in psychological distress and providing timely support during pregnancy and early parenthood.

Yet one aspect of maternal psychology has remained comparatively unexplored: the immediate, often private emotional reaction a woman has when she first learns she is pregnant. Some women describe an instant wave of joy. Others feel confused, anxious, ambivalent, or simply numb. These reactions vary widely and are shaped by circumstances, relationships, finances, health, and whether the pregnancy was planned. What was unclear until now is whether those first moments of emotional response carry any measurable signal about a child’s future development, and whether that signal, if it exists, could be modified by the social environment the mother encounters after giving birth.

To answer these questions, the research team turned to the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, a nationwide cohort project that follows families from across Japan from pregnancy onward. The team analyzed data from 73,518 mother–child pairs. Early in pregnancy, during the first trimester, mothers completed a questionnaire asking how they felt when they learned they were pregnant. Response options ranged from “very happy” to “unexpected and confused,” “upset,” “no specific feelings,” and “other feelings.” This single question, routinely asked in Japanese maternal healthcare settings, became the study’s key exposure variable.

The children’s development was then assessed at age three using a parent-completed developmental screening tool known as the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition. This validated instrument evaluates a child’s abilities across multiple developmental domains, including communication, gross and fine motor skills, problem-solving, and personal-social development. In addition, the researchers measured the level of social support that mothers reported receiving when their children were around two and a half years old, allowing them to test whether postpartum support might buffer or explain the association between initial pregnancy feelings and later developmental outcomes.

The results were striking. Compared with mothers who reported being “very happy” upon learning of their pregnancy, every other emotional response category was associated with a higher likelihood of developmental delay in children at age three. But the strongest association did not belong to mothers who described their reaction as “upset” or openly negative. Instead, the most pronounced risk appeared among women who reported having “no specific feelings” at all. That indifference, rather than distress, emerged as the sharpest predictor, a finding that may prompt clinicians to look beyond obvious sadness or anxiety when assessing pregnancy-related emotional well-being. A flat, unengaged response, the data suggest, may signal a deeper disconnection from the pregnancy that has consequences for both maternal behavior and child development.

The researchers also found a coherent pattern in the mothers’ social circumstances. Women who reported any reaction other than being very happy tended, on average, to have experienced lower levels of social support after childbirth. This makes intuitive sense in light of existing research on unintended pregnancy. When a pregnancy is unintended or emotionally unwelcome, the mother’s mental health and health-related behavior often suffer. Such mothers may attend fewer prenatal check-ups, engage less with health services, and consequently have fewer opportunities to receive guidance, reassurance, and practical help. A gap in early engagement can therefore cascade into a broader gap in support across pregnancy and the postpartum period, with implications that stretch into early childhood.

Crucially, the study found that social support itself made a measurable difference. Mothers with stronger support networks were less likely to have children with developmental delays, and the protective effect of that support was strongest among mothers who described their reaction to learning of the pregnancy as “other feelings,” a category capturing responses that did not fit the standard options. In statistical terms, social support appeared to mediate part of the relationship between negative initial feelings and later developmental delay, suggesting that at least some of the risk is not fixed but responsive to the mother’s social environment. “Our work shows women’s feelings at the time they find out they are pregnant can serve as an early indicator for identifying those who may need support,” Professor Nagamine explained. “Building on this, it may be possible to connect them to continuous and multifaceted social support through prenatal check-ups and regular postnatal health examinations.”

The practical implications are considerable, particularly because the intervention point the researchers identify is already embedded in routine care. In Japan, healthcare providers commonly ask women about their feelings when a pregnancy is confirmed. The new findings suggest that this brief, seemingly simple question deserves to be treated as a genuine screening opportunity. A mother’s answer could flag her, gently and early, as someone who might benefit from additional or tailored support, long before developmental concerns or mental health problems become apparent. Because the question costs nothing to ask and requires no specialized equipment, the approach represents an unusually efficient form of preventive medicine.

The researchers are careful to emphasize that support should not end at the delivery room door. The protective association with social support was observed in the toddler years, indicating that continued engagement through postpartum check-ups and early childhood health examinations matters. A system that identifies mothers at the moment of pregnancy confirmation, and then maintains contact and delivers support continuously through the postpartum period and beyond, could in principle intercept a developmental risk pathway at multiple points. “Since feelings at the time of pregnancy confirmation are associated with the risk of child developmental delays, encouraging attendance at prenatal check-ups is crucial, and these opportunities should be used to build a system of continuous support that extends throughout the postpartum period and early childhood,” Nagamine concluded.

Like all observational research, the study demonstrates association rather than definitive causation. It remains possible that the same underlying factors that shape a mother’s emotional response to pregnancy, such as socioeconomic stress, relationship quality, or preexisting mental health conditions, also independently influence child development. The mediating role of social support, however, offers a compelling and testable mechanism, and the enormous sample size lends considerable statistical confidence to the observed patterns. The team hopes that future research will clarify exactly how social support translates into better developmental outcomes for children, whether through reduced maternal stress, improved caregiving behavior, greater use of healthcare services, or some combination of these pathways.

The study was conducted within the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, which was funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The funding source played no role in the study’s design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation, nor in the writing of the report or the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest. For millions of expectant mothers worldwide, and for the clinicians who care for them, the message of this research is both sobering and empowering: the emotional first seconds of knowing a new life exists are not trivial, and the decades-long developmental journey that follows may be shaped, at least in part, by how warmly a mother is held by the people and systems around her.