The research team, led by Fathima Jasleena of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University together with colleagues at institutions across the state, set out to answer a deceptively simple question: which parts of Coimbatore are hottest, which are coolest, and why? To do so, they combined satellite-derived land surface temperature measurements with a suite of spectral indices that track the city’s physical makeup — the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for green cover, the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) for concrete and asphalt, and the Bare Soil Index (BSI) for exposed earth. Built-up surfaces now dominate the landscape, covering 35.59 percent of the study area, a figure that underscores just how thoroughly the city’s natural cooling infrastructure has been paved over.

The technical heart of the study lies in its integration of remote sensing with the InVEST Urban Cooling Model, an open-source tool developed by the Natural Capital Project that simulates how vegetation, shade, evapotranspiration and albedo combine to moderate local temperatures. By feeding the model with land cover data, reference evapotranspiration parameters derived from FAO CLIMWAT and CROPWAT tools, and meteorological inputs from NASA POWER, the researchers produced a spatially explicit map of the city’s Heat Mitigation Index. The results were striking: cooling capacity reached values as high as 0.84 in vegetated and peri-urban zones, while dense urban cores scored far lower, revealing a stark thermal divide running through the city.

One of the most consequential findings concerns which land-cover signal best predicts surface temperature. Across both winter and summer, NDBI — the index of impervious built-up surfaces — showed the strongest association with land surface temperature, outperforming both the bare soil index and the vegetation index. In practical terms, this means the density of sealed, sun-baked surfaces governs the city’s thermal ceiling more than the loss of vegetation or the exposure of bare ground alone. It is a nuance with real policy weight: simply leaving patches of undeveloped land is not enough if those patches are later replaced with concrete rather than canopy.

The seasonal dynamics add another layer of urgency. The researchers found that the extent of urban heat hotspots expanded by roughly 40 percent from winter to summer, yet the same administrative wards recurred as thermal centers in both seasons. That persistence is significant. It indicates that Coimbatore’s heat problem is structural rather than transient — baked into the morphology of particular neighborhoods rather than the product of a single anomalous heatwave. Wards dominated by dense construction and minimal green cover are, in effect, locked into chronic thermal vulnerability that intensifies with the seasons but never fully releases.

The human stakes become vivid when the team turns from surface temperature to heat stress on the body. Using the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, an index that integrates temperature, humidity and radiant heat and is widely used to gauge occupational heat risk, the study found values exceeding 35 degrees Celsius in the city’s dense urban cores. That threshold is not arbitrary. Physiological research has identified sustained wet-bulb conditions near 35 degrees Celsius as a limit beyond which even young, healthy people struggle to dissipate metabolic heat through sweating. For outdoor workers, the elderly and those without access to cooling, conditions in these wards during summer approach or cross into genuinely dangerous territory.

Epidemiological work from southern India has already linked occupational heat exposure to measurable health burdens among working populations, and Coimbatore’s industrial economy depends heavily on outdoor and factory labor. The study’s spatially explicit approach means that employers, public health officials and ward-level administrators can now identify precisely which neighborhoods face the most severe stress, rather than relying on citywide averages that obscure the extremes. In a warming climate, the difference between a heat island of 10 degrees and one of nearly 15 degrees can translate into thousands of additional hours of unsafe heat exposure for the people who live and work there.

What distinguishes this research from much of the urban heat literature is its insistence on actionable, ward-specific prescriptions rather than generic exhortations to plant trees. The authors recommend a differentiated toolkit: high-albedo materials — reflective roofing and paving that bounce solar radiation back into the atmosphere — for wards where impervious cover is the dominant driver; ventilation corridors that channel prevailing winds through the street network to flush accumulated heat; nature-based solutions such as urban greening in wards dominated by bare soil; and building-level measures, including rooftop gardens and shading, in wards already so dense that street-level interventions have little room to operate. Crucially, they argue these measures must be coordinated with peri-urban planning, because the study shows the city’s strongest cooling reserves lie in its vegetated periphery, and explicit alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 11, which targets inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities.

The methodological framework is as much a contribution as the findings themselves. Every dataset used in the study is openly available: Landsat 9 Collection-2 Level-2 surface temperature imagery from the USGS Earth Explorer platform, Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, meteorological inputs from NASA POWER, and the InVEST Urban Cooling Model version 3.17.2 from the Natural Capital Project. The geospatial analysis was performed in QGIS and Google Earth Engine, both free tools. This means any other rapidly urbanizing secondary city — and there are hundreds across Asia and Africa — can replicate the workflow at minimal cost, producing the same kind of ward-level heat maps and cooling capacity assessments that Coimbatore now possesses. In a policy landscape where data scarcity is often the excuse for inaction, that replicability matters.

Coimbatore’s story is ultimately the story of dozens of emerging cities that sit below the radar of global urban climate research, which has historically focused on megacities like Delhi, Mumbai and Shanghai. Secondary cities are urbanizing fastest, often with the weakest planning institutions and the least thermal monitoring infrastructure. By demonstrating that a combination of free satellite data and open modeling tools can deliver a clinically detailed diagnosis of urban heat — down to the ward, the season and the governing land-cover driver — this study offers those cities a template. The alternative, the seasonal numbers from Coimbatore suggest, is a future in which the same hot wards keep getting hotter, the cooling periphery keeps eroding, and the 49.6-degree summer surface becomes not an outlier but the new baseline.

Subject of Research: Urban heat island dynamics and thermal resilience assessment in Coimbatore City, India, using geospatial techniques and the InVEST urban cooling model

Article Title: Urban heat island dynamics and thermal resilience assessment using geospatial techniques and InVEST urban cooling model: a case study of Coimbatore City, Tamil Nadu, India

Article References: Jasleena, F., Madasamy, N., Kannan, B., Meiyappan, V., Kalaiselvan, A., & Alagirisamy, B. (2026). Urban heat island dynamics and thermal resilience assessment using geospatial techniques and InVEST urban cooling model: a case study of Coimbatore City, Tamil Nadu, India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 157(11), Article 707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06632-x

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s00704-026-06632-x

Keywords: urban heat island, land surface temperature, Coimbatore, InVEST urban cooling model, remote sensing, Landsat 9, heat stress, wet bulb globe temperature, NDVI, NDBI, SDG 11, urban planning