The research, conducted by Aaron Boyd and Tamzin A. Blewett of the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta, was designed to address a deceptively simple question: does the methodological decision to expose test organisms individually or collectively change the results of a toxicity experiment? The question matters because toxicology studies split along these lines depending on their goals. Regulatory protocols, including the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Test No. 211 for Daphnia magna reproduction, typically prescribe individual housing to eliminate confounding variables. Meanwhile, many exploratory and mechanistic studies house animals in groups to maximize throughput, approximate natural conditions, or simply conserve laboratory space and resources. If these two approaches produce systematically different data, then comparisons across studies—cornerstones of meta-analysis, risk assessment, and reproducibility efforts—may be built on shifting sand.

To probe the issue, the researchers exposed daphnids to organic ultraviolet filters, a class of sunscreen chemicals that has become an emerging concern in aquatic environments. The team worked with avobenzone, octocrylene, and oxybenzone, three of the most widely used organic UV filters, which have been detected in surface waters around the globe and have prompted legislative bans in jurisdictions including Hawaii, Palau, Aruba, and the U.S. Virgin Islands largely due to concerns about coral toxicity. Ultraviolet filters offered an ideal test case for the study because they represent a realistic and environmentally relevant contaminant class, and because prior work from the Blewett laboratory had already characterized their multigenerational effects on daphnids under individual-housing conditions. By repeating the exposure paradigm under group-housing conditions and comparing the two directly, the researchers could isolate the influence of conspecific presence from the influence of the chemicals themselves.

The experimental design followed daphnids across five continuous generations, a demanding undertaking that required careful synchronization of feeding, water changes, and chemical dosing across both housing regimes. Crucially, the study controlled for the most obvious confounding factor: resources. Group-housed and individually housed animals received the same ratio of food and water per organism, meaning that any differences emerging between the two treatments could not be attributed simply to one group having more algae to eat or more space to swim. This resource-matched design distinguishes the new work from earlier density studies, where the effects of crowding and the effects of resource limitation were often inextricably entangled. What remained, after accounting for nutrition and volume, was the biological signal of social environment itself—the physical and chemical presence of other members of the same species.

The results were striking. Baseline mortality among daphnids housed in groups was double that of individually housed counterparts, even in the absence of any toxicant. This elevated death toll in the group-housing scenario was not merely a laboratory artifact of depleted resources, since feeding was matched per animal; rather, it pointed to the subtle but potent stress of living alongside conspecifics. Aquatic organisms constantly exchange chemical cues through the water, releasing metabolites, pheromones, and kairomones that can alter the physiology of their neighbors. Prior research has demonstrated that Daphnia engage in negative interference, with chemical mediation of competition reducing growth and fecundity even when food is abundant. The doubled mortality observed in this study underscores just how consequential these invisible interactions can be for a standard toxicity endpoint as fundamental as survival.

Perhaps the most dramatic finding concerned sex ratios. Daphnia magna are cyclic parthenogens, reproducing clonally for most of the year but switching, under certain environmental cues, to the production of males and resting eggs. Sex determination in this species is widely understood to be environmental rather than genetic, influenced by factors such as population density, food availability, and stress. In the group-housed populations, the proportion of males climbed across successive generations, reaching a maximum of roughly ten percent of the population. Individually housed daphnids, by contrast, showed no comparable shift. Because the resource environment was held constant between treatments, the researchers could attribute this sex-ratio distortion to the presence of conspecifics—a result consistent with previous work showing that Daphnia females adjust sex allocation in response to current population density and sex ratio. The implication for toxicology is unsettling: a chemical treatment that happens to be tested in a group-housing design could appear to have endocrine-disrupting or sex-skewing effects that are actually driven, at least in part, by density-mediated developmental programming.

Reproductive timing and effort also diverged sharply between the two housing regimes. Group-housed daphnids experienced delayed maturation, taking longer to reach reproductive competence than their individually housed counterparts, and they produced broods at a lower frequency. In life-history terms, the crowded animals appeared to adopt a fundamentally different strategy: slowing down, delaying investment in reproduction, and presumably reallocating energy toward maintenance and competition. This pattern echoes classic findings from the 1990s showing that Daphnia magna can shift from a strategy of producing many low-quality offspring to fewer, better-provisioned ones in response to intraspecific interaction. The new study extends that framework into the toxicology context, showing that these life-history shifts emerge even when per-capita resources are equalized, and that they persist across multiple generations rather than resetting between broods.

Critically, the researchers found that these housing-driven differences were largely independent of chemical treatment. Whether daphnids were exposed to avobenzone, octocrylene, oxybenzone, or vehicle controls, the gap between individual and group housing persisted across the measured endpoints. In other words, conspecific presence did not merely modify the toxicity of the ultraviolet filters; it acted as its own independent stressor, reshaping the baseline against which any chemical effect must be measured. This is a subtle but important point. Some previous studies had suggested that intraspecific competition could amplify toxicant effects, as seen in outdoor pond microcosms where crowding increased the impact of pesticides, and in work showing that intraspecific interactions heightened the toxicity of metals to daphnids. The new results indicate that the picture is more complicated: at least for organic UV filters under these conditions, social environment alters organismal physiology across a broad front, but it does not necessarily interact strongly with the chemical stressor itself.

The multigenerational dimension of the study carries particular weight for the field. Toxicology increasingly embraces multigenerational designs as a way to capture delayed effects, transgenerational inheritance, and adaptation. Yet the new findings show that the housing condition itself leaves a multigenerational signature: the elevated mortality, male production, and reproductive delays of group-housed lineages were not transient acclimation responses but stable features that characterized entire lineages across five generations. For any laboratory embarking on a multigenerational exposure study, this means that the housing decision made on day one will shape the entire trajectory of the experiment. A control group housed in groups may exhibit mortality and reproductive profiles so different from an individually housed control in another laboratory that the two “controls” are, in effect, measuring different biological systems.

These results arrive amid a broader reckoning with reproducibility in the life sciences. A widely cited 2016 survey in Nature found that more than 70 percent of researchers had failed to reproduce another scientist’s experiment, and methodological variance—including seemingly trivial husbandry details—has been repeatedly implicated as a hidden driver of irreproducibility. In aquatic toxicology specifically, prior work from the Blewett group had already asked whether group versus individual exposure alters experimental outcomes, and a recent study on temperate fish demonstrated that social isolation alone can influence metabolism, copper accumulation, and thermal tolerance. The new Daphnia study adds a multigenerational, resource-controlled data point to this growing literature, and its message is consistent: the social environment of the test organism is not background noise but a first-order experimental variable.

The authors emphasize that the goal is not to declare one housing method superior to the other. Individual housing remains appropriate when the aim is to minimize uncontrolled variation, and it underpins standardized regulatory tests. Group housing, meanwhile, better reflects the crowded, chemically complex conditions organisms actually face in nature, where density-dependent effects modulate chemical toxicity in real ecosystems. The danger lies in the cross-study comparison of data generated under different regimes without acknowledging the confound. Ecological risk assessments frequently pool toxicity values from many laboratories to derive benchmarks such as species sensitivity distributions; if some of those values came from crowded beakers and others from solitary vessels, the resulting benchmarks may embed a hidden methodological bias. The study’s authors argue that housing density and conspecific presence should be explicitly reported—and ideally explicitly considered—in the interpretation and comparison of toxicity data.

For a field that leans heavily on a handful of model organisms to safeguard aquatic ecosystems, the lesson from this research is a humbling one. The water flea in the crowded beaker and the water flea in the solitary vessel may carry the same species name and the same genome, but over five generations they become, physiologically, different animals. As ultraviolet filters and countless other contaminants continue to flow into the world’s waters, understanding their true risks will require not only better chemistry and longer exposures, but a more honest accounting of the social lives of the organisms doing the telling.

Excitons are quasiparticles formed when a photon excites an electron, leaving behind a positively charged hole; the electron and hole remain bound together by Coulomb attraction. In monolayer semiconductors such as transition metal dichalcogenides, excitons dominate the optical response and are central to proposals for exciton-based circuits, transistors and quantum light sources. When two such monolayers are stacked on top of one another with a slight twist or lattice mismatch, electrons and holes can spatially separate into different layers, forming so-called interlayer excitons. These interlayer excitons possess long lifetimes, inherit the spin-valley properties of their parent materials, and carry a permanent out-of-plane dipole moment—all qualities that make them attractive for future optoelectronic technologies.

Yet controlling the flow of interlayer excitons has proved challenging. Conventional approaches rely on external electric fields, strain gradients or patterned potentials to herd excitons across a device. Such methods are often slow, energy-intensive or limited by the mobility of the excitons themselves, which can become trapped by defects, moiré disorder or interactions with the surrounding environment. The new work demonstrates a fundamentally different mechanism. By carefully engineering the stacking geometry of a van der Waals heterobilayer, the researchers created a situation in which the local atomic registry between the two layers varies across the sample. The lattice, seeking to minimize its total energy, undergoes a spontaneous reconstruction: regions of high-symmetry stacking expand and contract, reshaping the local potential landscape experienced by the excitons.

The crucial insight is that this reconstruction is not a static curiosity. As the researchers show, the reconstructed lattice effectively creates internal electric fields and band-alignment variations that act on the interlayer excitons’ permanent dipole moment. The result is a built-in drift force that propels excitons across the material at remarkable speed—orders of magnitude faster than diffusion alone would allow. In ultrafast optical measurements, the team tracked exciton populations as they moved between different stacking domains, observing a coherent, directional flow that correlated precisely with the spatial pattern of lattice reconstruction. The excitons, in effect, ride a wave carved by the crystal itself.

The experimental strategy combined several state-of-the-art techniques. The heterobilayers were assembled from monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides using deterministic transfer methods, allowing precise control over the relative orientation of the two lattices. Optical microscopy and spectroscopy revealed the characteristic photoluminescence signatures of interlayer excitons in different stacking configurations, while spatially and temporally resolved measurements mapped how exciton emission evolved across the reconstructed domains after pulsed laser excitation. Complementary theoretical modeling and atomistic simulations confirmed that the observed drift velocities and trajectories emerge naturally from the reconstructed band structure, without the need for any externally applied field.

From a technical standpoint, the mechanism can be understood through the interplay of moiré physics and exciton dipoles. In a twisted or lattice-mismatched bilayer, the superposition of the two atomic lattices generates a moiré superlattice with a period of several nanometers. At small twist angles, the system lowers its elastic energy by deforming into triangular domains of near-perfect high-symmetry stacking, separated by narrow domain walls where the stacking registry changes abruptly. This lattice reconstruction modifies the local band edges: the energy of the interlayer exciton, which depends on the relative alignment of the conduction and valence bands in the two layers, varies across the moiré cell. Because the interlayer exciton carries a permanent dipole perpendicular to the layers, any gradient in its potential energy produces a force. The reconstructed lattice thus acts as a nanoscale, self-assembled potential gradient, driving excitons along well-defined crystallographic directions.

The speed of the effect is what sets it apart. Exciton diffusion in conventional semiconductor structures typically proceeds at velocities limited by thermal randomization and scattering with phonons and impurities. In the reconstructed heterobilayer, the deterministic drift component dominates over diffusion, enabling exciton transport over micron-scale distances on picosecond timescales. Such speeds approach those seen in deliberately engineered exciton funnels and are far beyond what natural diffusion would achieve over comparable distances. Moreover, because the driving force is intrinsic to the crystal structure, the effect is robust against the disorder that often plagues external-field approaches, and it operates without any need for electrodes, gates or patterned substrates.

The implications ripple across several research frontiers. For excitonics—a proposed paradigm in which excitons rather than electrons or photons carry information—the demonstration of fast, field-free, structurally guided exciton drift provides a missing ingredient: a way to route excitonic signals through a device using nothing more than cleverly designed stacking geometry. Because interlayer excitons also couple strongly to light, such routing could be read out optically, enabling hybrid photonic-excitonic circuits on a chip. For moiré physics, the result underscores that lattice reconstruction is not merely a structural side effect but an active agent that can be exploited to shape excitonic and electronic behavior. And for fundamental science, the work offers a clean platform to study how topological defects in a crystal lattice interact with neutral quasiparticles carrying electric dipoles.

The discovery also raises tantalizing questions that the field will now pursue. Can the direction and magnitude of the reconstruction-driven drift be tuned dynamically, for example by applying strain, gating the layers, or modulating the twist angle? Could domain walls themselves—where the stacking registry flips—serve as reconfigurable exciton waveguides or beam splitters? Might similar mechanisms operate for other dipolar quasiparticles, including trions, polaritons or even exciton condensates in the strongly correlated regimes now accessible in moiré systems? The researchers suggest that the interplay between lattice dynamics and exciton transport could be engineered with a precision that was previously unimaginable, effectively turning crystallography into a design tool for quantum materials.

There are, of course, practical hurdles on the road to applications. Van der Waals heterostructures must be assembled with exceptional cleanliness to avoid contamination and bubbles that disrupt the delicate reconstruction patterns. The optical measurements used to observe exciton drift remain demanding, requiring ultrafast lasers and low-temperature cryogenics in many cases, although the underlying physics persists at elevated temperatures. Scaling from laboratory-scale flakes to wafer-scale devices will require advances in growth and transfer techniques. Nevertheless, the rapid progress in two-dimensional materials engineering over the past decade gives reason for optimism that these challenges will be met.

What makes the result resonate beyond the specialist community is its conceptual elegance. Rather than fighting against the intrinsic tendencies of a layered crystal, the researchers harnessed them. The lattice, under the gentle constraint of twist-angle engineering, reorganizes itself into a landscape of nanoscale potentials—and the excitons, obeying simple electrostatic forces, stream across that landscape at extraordinary speed. It is a vivid reminder that in the quantum materials of the twenty-first century, structure and function are inseparable: the very geometry of atoms in a stack of atomically thin sheets can become the engine that moves light-matter quasiparticles across a chip.

As laboratories worldwide continue to explore the rich physics of moiré materials, this demonstration of fast interlayer exciton drift driven by lattice reconstruction is likely to be remembered as a turning point—the moment when structural self-organization in van der Waals heterostructures was transformed from a phenomenon to be characterized into a resource to be exploited. Whether it leads to practical exciton circuits, new classes of optoelectronic devices, or deeper insights into correlated states of matter, one thing is clear: the humble crystal lattice has revealed itself to be a far more dynamic and powerful player in the story of two-dimensional materials than anyone had fully appreciated.

The theoretical starting point is the auditory deprivation hypothesis, which holds that early suboptimal auditory stimulation impairs the development of language, and that language, in turn, scaffolds the emergence of executive functioning. Classic work in this tradition, including Conway, Pisoni, and Kronenberger’s account of how sound supports cognitive sequencing, and Botting and colleagues’ demonstration that nonverbal executive function is mediated by language in deaf and hearing children, has framed deafness as a neurocognitive risk factor. Kesarwani and Debbarma accept this framework but add a crucial twist: the instruments used to measure executive functioning are themselves saturated with language, meaning that any assessment in the deaf population risks confounding true cognitive differences with linguistic load.

The search strategy combined terms for executive functioning and hearing impairment, including cognitive functioning, linguistic influence on executive functioning, and the influence of cochlear implants, with the keyword ‘young adults’ added to isolate the relevant age group. Databases such as Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed were queried, and twelve studies survived the inclusion criteria. The multidimensional nature of executive functioning was mapped using measures spanning working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, planning, and theory of mind, ranging from self-report inventories such as the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult version to behavioral paradigms like the Eriksen flanker task, which requires participants to respond to a target letter while ignoring distracting flanking letters—a design that can be delivered almost entirely visually.

The pattern that emerges is striking. On language-dependent measures—verbal fluency tasks, self-report questionnaires, and complex verbal reasoning batteries—deaf young adults consistently score lower than hearing peers. But when the review examined visually presented, low-language behavioral paradigms, the group differences shrank substantially, and in some domains disappeared altogether. This dissociation suggests that what has been interpreted as an executive functioning deficit in deaf young adults may, in considerable measure, reflect the linguistic demands of the assessment tools rather than a core cognitive impairment. In other words, the measuring stick itself may be bent.

The findings are consistent with the broader literature on visual attention in deaf populations. Studies such as those by Sladen and colleagues and Rothpletz and colleagues found that deaf adults can show intact, and in some cases enhanced, attentional deployment to the visual periphery, a plausible adaptation to a world perceived primarily through vision. Similarly, research on visual-spatial skills by Marschark, Spencer, and colleagues indicates that hearing status interacts with language experience in ways that do not map neatly onto simple deficit narratives. The new review synthesizes this evidence to argue that executive functioning in deaf young adults is mediated jointly by language exposure and task modality—two factors that most standard clinical batteries fail to disentangle.

Cochlear implants add another layer of complexity. The review reports that implantation is associated with improved cognitive skills, aligning with longitudinal work by Sarant and colleagues showing cognitive gains in older adults receiving implants, and with Kronenberger and colleagues’ neurocognitive risk model for implanted children. Yet even among implanted individuals, linguistic skills remain the primary predictor of executive functioning outcomes. This is a crucial nuance: restoring auditory input appears to help, but it does not erase the foundational role of early language access. The implication is that language-rich environments—whether signed or spoken—during the critical early years remain the strongest protective factor for later executive functioning.

The review also engages with theory of mind, the capacity to attribute mental states to others, which is often classified under the broader executive functioning umbrella. Studies of deaf college students by Marschark, Edwards, and colleagues, and work by Lecciso and colleagues on deaf adults, show that theory-of-mind performance is heavily dependent on linguistic proficiency and conversational access. Native signers with deaf signing parents frequently perform comparably to hearing peers, while deaf individuals with delayed or impoverished early language access show the largest gaps. This mirrors Woolfe’s findings with deaf native signing children and reinforces the review’s central thesis: language experience, not deafness per se, drives many of the cognitive differences documented in the literature.

Methodologically, the authors validated their instruments where possible. Hauser, Lukomski, and Samar demonstrated that the BRIEF-A can be reliable and valid for deaf college students, but only after careful adaptation, and their work appears alongside studies using the Adult Executive Functioning Inventory and general ability measures such as the General Ability Measure for Adults. The review highlights that self-report inventories pose a particular problem in the deaf population because their items are embedded in idiomatic written English, and comprehension of such language is itself a variable under study. When the test’s language load correlates with the construct’s linguistic dependence, measurement error and true variance become indistinguishable—a psychometric trap the authors urge the field to escape.

The real-world stakes are considerable. Executive functioning predicts academic achievement, employment, social maturity, and psychological adjustment, and Xiong and colleagues recently showed that executive dysfunction contributes to anxiety in hearing-impaired college students through pathways involving smartphone addiction and academic procrastination. If assessments systematically overestimate executive difficulties in deaf young adults, misdiagnosis, inappropriate support decisions, and lowered expectations may follow. Conversely, if genuinely deficient skills in verbal working memory or sequencing are masked by poorly designed visual tasks, individuals may miss interventions that could help. Accurate, linguistically sensitive measurement is thus not an academic nicety but a prerequisite for equitable education, clinical care, and workplace policy.

The authors close with a forward-looking recommendation: future assessment of executive functioning in deaf young adults should be linguistically sensitive by design, favoring visually delivered, low-language behavioral paradigms, reporting participants’ language histories explicitly, and treating modality of presentation as an experimental variable rather than a fixed convenience. They acknowledge the review’s limitations—twelve studies is a modest evidence base, and heterogeneity in samples, signing status, implantation history, and measures complicates synthesis—and note that no datasets were generated or analysed beyond the published literature. Still, the message lands with force. A generation of findings portraying deaf young adults as cognitively at risk may need recalibration, because a substantial share of the measured gap may belong to the tests, not the test-takers. For a population already navigating environments built for the hearing, that distinction matters: cognitive capacity should be measured on its own terms, not filtered through the language of those doing the measuring.

Executive functioning is not a single capacity but a family of interrelated processes that continue developing well into the mid-twenties, with the prefrontal cortex maturing gradually across adolescence and early adulthood. This protracted developmental trajectory means that the young adult years represent a window in which individual differences in cognitive control become consequential for real-world outcomes such as higher education, employment, and independent living. It also means that measurement choices made during this period can shape trajectories of support, since a young adult identified as having weak planning or working memory skills may be steered toward particular academic accommodations or clinical services on that basis.

The auditory scaffolding account underlying the review draws on a wider body of work in cognitive neuroscience suggesting that early sensory experience shapes the neural architecture available for later cognition. Temporal sequencing, in particular, is thought to depend on experience with the rapid, sequential structure of spoken language, so that children deprived of clear auditory input during sensitive periods may develop alternative but differently organized strategies for encoding order and sequence. Research with deaf native signers is informative here: when sign language is acquired from birth, many aspects of cognitive development proceed on a typical timetable, indicating that a fully accessible visual language can serve the same scaffolding function that spoken language serves for hearing children.

This perspective reframes deafness-related cognitive research as a natural experiment in modality and language experience rather than a search for deficits. Comparisons among deaf native signers, deaf late signers, oral deaf individuals with cochlear implants, and hearing controls allow researchers to separate the contributions of auditory access, language timing, and communication modality. Studies that include such detailed language histories tend to find that the timing and richness of early language exposure predict cognitive outcomes more consistently than audiological factors such as degree of hearing loss.

For practitioners, the practical takeaway is that assessment batteries for deaf young adults should be selected and interpreted with the linguistic demands of each instrument made explicit. Visual, nonverbal tasks can serve as a baseline against which performance on verbal measures is compared, and discrepancies between the two may signal linguistic load rather than cognitive weakness. Bilingual assessment frameworks that account for both signed and spoken language proficiency, and that involve examiners fluent in the client’s preferred language, offer a promising route toward measurement that reflects genuine ability rather than the accident of test design.

Subject of Research: Executive functioning in deaf young adults: a systematic review of measures and linguistic influence

Article Title: Executive functioning in deaf young adults: a systematic review of measures and linguistic influence

Article References: Kesarwani, S., & Debbarma, R. (2026). Executive functioning in deaf young adults: a systematic review of measures and linguistic influence. SN Social Sciences, 6(9), Article 402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-026-01694-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s43545-026-01694-0

Keywords: Executive, functioning, deaf, young, adults, systematic, review, measures, linguistic, influence, scientific research

When underground rocks are subjected to intense heat, especially in regions known as large igneous provinces, previously locked sulfur and carbon compounds are released as gases. These emissions occur as fluids migrate from heated metamorphic rocks to the Earth’s surface, paralleling in impact the gas outputs typically attributed to volcanic eruptions. The study, published in Science Advances, outlines how these gases influence the atmosphere and global climate.

Sulfur gases released during metamorphism transform into sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, which serve as reflective particles. These tiny sulfate aerosols act like mirrors, scattering sunlight and significantly reducing the solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface. Additionally, they promote cloud formation by acting as nuclei for water vapor condensation, enhancing the reflectivity of clouds and reinforcing rapid cooling events. However, sulfur aerosols have a short atmospheric lifetime, typically dispersing within days.

In contrast, carbon gases released alongside sulfur have a substantially longer atmospheric residence time. Unlike sulfur, carbon does not readily react or condense and thus remains in the atmosphere for thousands to millions of years. This persistent carbon presence leads to long-term greenhouse warming following the initial cooling spikes caused by sulfur aerosols. The interplay of these short-term cooling and prolonged warming phases might help explain the significant climate oscillations that coincide with mass extinction events.

The study highlights key extinction intervals that may have been influenced by this dual gas release mechanism, including the massive biodiversity losses at the end of the Ordovician around 440 million years ago and the Permian extinction, often called the “Great Dying,” approximately 252 million years ago. These events saw profound declines in marine and terrestrial species, reshaping the trajectory of life on Earth.

By integrating geochemical data with atmospheric science, the researchers provide a more nuanced understanding of Earth’s past climate dynamics. This approach challenges the traditional singular explanation centered on volcanic emissions and underscores the complexity of Earth’s deep-time environmental changes.

These findings have far-reaching implications for understanding how Earth’s interconnected systems respond to disturbance. They demonstrate that mass-extinction triggers stem from multiple interacting geological and atmospheric processes rather than isolated volcanic events, expanding the framework through which scientists explore past climate catastrophes.

As researchers continue to unravel these mechanisms, this novel insight into metamorphic gas emissions enriches our comprehension of Earth’s environmental sensitivity, informing models of both ancient and modern climate change. It also points to the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to decode the planet’s complex climatic history.

Subject of Research: Geological and atmospheric processes driving ancient climate change and mass extinctions
Article Title: Metamorphic sulfur release as a driver of sustained cooling and mass extinction
News Publication Date: July 1, 2026
Web References: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aee2277
Image Credits: Devin Bittner/FSU College of Arts and Sciences
Keywords: Paleoclimatology, Mass Extinction, Metamorphism, Sulfur Emissions, Climate Change