The study utilized a mixed-method approach to collect data from 252 households across six villages: Serya, Mangoloma, Hurumbi, Mialo, Ndoroboni, and Lahoda. Data collection took place during April and May 2024. In addition to the household surveys, the researchers conducted six focus group discussions and six key informant interviews, with one of each type held in every village.

Statistical analysis revealed that age and household size were significantly associated with the occurrence of human-wildlife conflicts, with a significance level of p < 0.05. These findings confirm expected variations in exposure among community members, indicating that differential vulnerability exists within the affected populations. The study concludes that these socio-demographic factors are key influences on the likelihood of experiencing conflicts, suggesting that risk is not evenly distributed across all residents.

Crop destruction was identified as the most common type of human-wildlife conflict, reported by 61.4% of respondents. Livestock losses were also a significant issue, with 42.1% of respondents reporting such losses. Goats accounted for the largest proportion of the livestock reported lost.

Elephants (Loxodonta africana) were the wildlife species most frequently reported to be involved in conflicts, with 22% of respondents citing them. While other species may also be involved, elephants represented the highest proportion of reported incidents in this study. The researchers noted that local communities face challenges including crop raiding, habitat destruction, livestock depredation, and property damage by wildlife.

These factors collectively lead to food insecurity for the residents living near the reserve. Based on these findings, the authors recommend that comprehensive and sustainable strategies be strengthened to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts. The study suggests that community participation and education are essential components for promoting coexistence between humans and wildlife in the Swagaswaga Game Reserve landscape.

Subject of Research: Socio-demographic factors and impacts of human-wildlife conflicts in communities adjacent to Swagaswaga Game Reserve, Tanzania

Article Title: Assessment of human-wildlife conflicts in communities living adjacent to Swagaswaga Game Reserve, Tanzania

Article References: Senkondo, N., & Kilonzo, M. (2026). Assessment of human-wildlife conflicts in communities living adjacent to Swagaswaga Game Reserve, Tanzania. Discover Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-04723-3

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s43621-026-04723-3

Keywords: human-wildlife conflict, Tanzania, Swagaswaga Game Reserve, crop destruction, livestock loss, socio-demographics, elephants, food security, conservation, community impact, Assessment, human-wildlife