The evolution of the package across its 2010, 2017, and 2020 revisions also tells a story about how the global NCD agenda itself has matured. The expansion from cardiovascular-focused protocols to include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, early cancer diagnosis, palliative care, and self-care guidance reflects growing recognition that noncommunicable diseases are not a single clinical category but a heterogeneous group of conditions whose management shares common infrastructure: trained staff, reliable medicines, functioning diagnostic equipment, and organized follow-up. For readers unfamiliar with the terminology, noncommunicable diseases—chiefly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes—are responsible for the large majority of deaths worldwide, and their burden falls disproportionately on low- and middle-income countries, where roughly three quarters of NCD deaths occur. These conditions share modifiable risk factors such as tobacco use, harmful alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and air pollution, which is why a package approach that bundles prevention, screening, and management has such broad potential reach.

The overview’s finding that workforce capacity is a persistent bottleneck deserves particular attention, because it connects to a well-documented global phenomenon. Many low- and middle-income countries face acute shortages of physicians, and those physicians who are available are often concentrated in urban tertiary hospitals rather than in the rural primary care facilities where most of the population seeks care. Against this backdrop, the evidence supporting task-shifting—delegating specific clinical tasks to non-physician health workers such as nurses, clinical officers, and community health workers—takes on strategic significance. Reviews of task-shifting in hypertension and diabetes care have generally found that, when accompanied by structured training, clear protocols, and supervision, non-physician workers can achieve clinical outcomes comparable to those of physicians for routine NCD management. This does not mean that task-shifting is a panacea; it requires investment in training curricula, regulatory authorization, and ongoing quality assurance, and the overview’s emphasis on strengthening the organization and resourcing of healthcare teams across system levels is a reminder that delegated tasks only function within a coherent team structure.

The finding on high-risk population screening similarly benefits from context. Population-wide screening for hypertension and diabetes is often proposed as a straightforward entry point for NCD care, but the evidence reviewed here suggests that targeting individuals at elevated cardiovascular risk can be a more efficient use of limited diagnostic capacity. The WHO PEN approach embeds this logic through its risk-based protocols, which recommend intensive treatment for people above defined risk thresholds while offering lifestyle advice to those at lower risk. The practical implication for program managers is that screening efforts should be designed with clear referral pathways and treatment availability in mind; identifying patients without the capacity to treat them erodes community trust and wastes scarce resources.

The inclusion of integrated HIV-NCD services among the effective delivery strategies reflects one of the most encouraging developments in global health over the past decade. Antiretroviral therapy programs, heavily supported by international financing, have built remarkably robust platforms in many high-burden countries: reliable supply chains, trained lay and professional workers, electronic patient records, and routine follow-up systems that achieve retention rates far exceeding those of typical NCD clinics. Evidence from reviews indicates that NCD services can be grafted onto these platforms—screening hypertensive patients at HIV clinic visits, managing diabetes alongside antiretroviral refills—with benefits flowing in both directions. The integration is not trivial, since HIV programs and NCD programs often sit in separate ministry departments with separate funding streams, and vertical financing structures can create perverse incentives against sharing resources. But the direction of travel is clear, and the overview’s endorsement of integrated services aligns with a broader movement toward people-centered, horizontally financed primary health care.

The role of community pharmacies is another strategy whose evidence base has grown substantially. In many countries, private pharmacies are the first and often the only point of contact with the health system, particularly in peri-urban and rural areas where public facilities are sparse. Reviews have found that trained pharmacy staff can contribute to blood pressure measurement, medication counseling, adherence support, and in some settings even initiation and titration of antihypertensive therapy under defined protocols. Harnessing this existing infrastructure requires regulatory clarity and quality oversight, but it represents a comparatively low-cost avenue for expanding access without constructing new facilities.

The overview’s attention to district hospitals may seem counterintuitive in a discussion of primary care, but it addresses a real structural weakness. Primary health facilities cannot safely manage NCDs if patients with complications, or requiring specialist input, have nowhere to be referred. District hospitals serve as the anchor of the referral chain, providing the diagnostic capacity, specialist expertise, and inpatient care that give primary care its credibility. Strengthening district hospitals—through training in NCD complications, reliable supply of essential medicines, and functional referral and counter-referral systems—therefore reinforces the entire service delivery pyramid rather than competing with primary care for resources.

The critique of hospital-centric systems deserves elaboration. Many health systems in low- and middle-income countries inherited hospital-focused models from earlier eras, in which prestige, staffing, and budgets concentrate at the top of the pyramid while primary facilities are starved. NCDs, which require decades of continuous management rather than episodic cure, expose the weaknesses of this model particularly starkly. A patient with hypertension needs regular monitoring, affordable medication refills, and lifestyle counseling over a lifetime—services that hospitals are poorly configured to provide at scale. The overview’s call for more patient-centered and prevention-oriented models is thus not merely rhetorical; it implies reorienting financing, training, and performance measurement toward continuity of care and risk factor control rather than episodic treatment.

Quality of care, flagged in the overview as a promising area for improvement, is often the missing dimension in discussions of NCD service expansion. Expanding coverage without ensuring quality can produce the illusion of progress: patients are diagnosed but not controlled, prescribed but not adherent, enrolled but not retained. Evidence from implementation research suggests that simple quality improvement tools—clinical audits, standardized protocols, supportive supervision, and patient registries that flag those lost to follow-up—can meaningfully improve hypertension and diabetes control even in low-resource settings. The WHO PEN protocols themselves function as quality tools by standardizing care, but they require complementary systems to monitor whether the protocols are actually followed.

The methodological character of this overview also merits a note for readers assessing the strength of its conclusions. As a narrative overview of reviews rather than a meta-analysis, it synthesizes heterogeneous evidence without pooling effect estimates, which is appropriate given the diversity of interventions and settings but means that its findings should be read as directional guidance rather than precise effect sizes. The inclusion of twelve reviews and one preprint, drawn from searches spanning 2010 to 2025, reflects a field that is still maturing; the authors’ call for longer-term evaluations acknowledges that most implementation studies measure short-term outputs such as screening numbers or prescription rates, while the outcomes that matter most—sustained blood pressure and glycemic control, reductions in cardiovascular events, and equity of access—require follow-up periods and study designs that are more demanding and less commonly funded.

Finally, the emphasis on context-specific adaptation is a recurring lesson from implementation science. Interventions that succeed in one country frequently falter when transplanted elsewhere without modification, because health system structures, workforce compositions, financing arrangements, and community expectations differ. The stepwise implementation approach recommended for WHO PEN—beginning with advocacy, stakeholder engagement, and facility capacity assessment before scaling—embodies this principle, allowing countries to identify local bottlenecks in medicines, diagnostics, or staffing before committing resources. The more than forty countries that have begun implementing the package represent a substantial natural experiment, and the lessons distilled in this overview suggest that success will depend less on the elegance of the protocols than on the unglamorous work of financing, supply chains, workforce planning, and team organization that turns a package of recommendations into a functioning service.

Subject of Research: Implementation of the World Health Organization’s Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions: an overview of reviews

Article Title: Implementation of the World Health Organization’s Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions: an overview of reviews

Article References: Xu, H., Hu, Y., Li, M., Yang, J., Breda, J. J., Wu, J., & Cieza, A. (2026). Implementation of the World Health Organization’s Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions: an overview of reviews. Public Health Reviews, 47, Article 1609607. https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2026.1609607

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2026.1609607

Keywords: WHO PEN, noncommunicable diseases, primary health care, low- and middle-income countries, task-shifting, hypertension, diabetes, health systems, screening, essential medicines, integrated care, community pharmacies