Crucially, the analysis underscores that aerobic training remains the most reliable and effective form of exercise for eliciting significant reductions in blood pressure over a full day, including both daytime and nighttime measurements. Aerobic modalities such as brisk walking, cycling, and running produce consistent and clinically meaningful decreases in systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic blood pressure—the higher value indicating arterial pressure during heartbeats—was decreased by an average of 4.73 mm Hg with aerobic training, while diastolic pressure, the lower number representing arterial pressure between beats, fell by approximately 2.76 mm Hg.

Interestingly, the study also highlights promising effects from combining aerobic and resistance training, as well as from high intensity interval training (HIIT). Combined exercise regimens resulted in an even greater average systolic blood pressure reduction of 6.18 mm Hg over 24 hours, while HIIT—a time-efficient modality characterized by short bursts of intense effort alternated with recovery periods—yielded a reduction of 5.71 mm Hg. These findings signify that incorporating resistance elements alongside aerobic workouts and implementing interval training protocols can maximize cardiovascular health benefits, particularly in hypertensive populations.

While forms of exercise such as isometric training (involving static muscle contraction), yoga, Pilates, and recreational sports showed some potential in lowering blood pressure, their effects were less consistent and require further large-scale clinical trials for validation. Pilates, for instance, produced notable reductions in diastolic pressure averaging 4.18 mm Hg, but the evidence remains insufficiently robust to guide concrete clinical recommendations. These nuances emphasize the complexity of exercise physiology and the necessity to tailor interventions based on mechanistic insights and patient-specific factors.

The researchers underscore that aerobic exercise exerts beneficial effects on endothelial function and vascular health through sustained vasodilation, a process mediated by increased shear stress on arterial walls during rhythmic contractions. This vasodilation reduces total peripheral resistance, contributing to lower blood pressure readings over the long term. In contrast, resistance training may transiently increase arterial stiffness due to acute high-pressure loads placed on the arterial system, which might explain the somewhat divergent findings from prior studies suggesting isometric exercise as highly effective. Such mechanistic distinctions are critical in understanding the physiological bases of exercise-induced blood pressure changes.

Furthermore, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, which captures blood pressure fluctuations during daily activities rather than solely in clinical settings, offers a superior prognostic tool for assessing cardiovascular risk. The study’s focus on 24-hour ambulatory measurements provides a more accurate and clinically relevant assessment of how exercise modalities influence blood pressure regulation in real-world conditions. This methodological rigor enhances the applicability of the findings to routine medical practice and public health guidelines.

Limitations acknowledged by the authors include variability in participant numbers across trials, underreporting of adverse effects, inconsistent adherence data, and heterogeneity in exercise intervention formats. Despite these challenges, the meta-analysis represents a significant step forward in evidence synthesis, reinforcing the primacy of aerobic and combined exercise training as frontline strategies to combat hypertension.

The implications of this research extend beyond the clinical setting, offering actionable insights for fitness professionals, public health policymakers, and individuals seeking to optimize cardiovascular health through lifestyle interventions. Given the global burden of hypertension and its contribution to stroke, myocardial infarction, and renal failure, scalable, evidence-based exercise prescriptions based on these findings could influence population health trajectories substantially.

Future research directions recommended include rigorously designed, adequately powered randomized controlled trials focused on combined and interval training protocols, standardized outcome measures, and long-term adherence monitoring. Such studies will be vital to solidify current promising evidence and facilitate integration into clinical guidelines with greater confidence.

In conclusion, this extensive network meta-analysis clarifies that while a variety of exercise modalities confer some blood pressure-lowering effects, aerobic training, particularly when combined with resistance training or applied in interval formats, should be prioritized in hypertension management. The findings advocate for updated exercise recommendations that emphasize these modalities as primary interventions to reduce 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults, thereby potentially mitigating cardiovascular morbidity and mortality at the population level.

Subject of Research: People

Article Title: Effects of different exercise training modalities on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults with hypertension: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

News Publication Date: 12-May-2026

Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2025-111474

Keywords: physical exercise, blood pressure, aerobic training, resistance training, high intensity interval training, hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure, cardiovascular health

Mitochondria are essential organelles responsible for converting nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule muscles use for energy. Central to this function are the cristae – intricately folded inner membranes that provide a vast surface area for the biochemical reactions underpinning ATP synthesis. The University of Southern Denmark’s research team painstakingly analyzed approximately 11,000 individual mitochondria via electron microscopy, uncovering a roughly 7 percent increase in cristae density after just eight weeks of HIIT. This subtle yet critical enhancement indicates that mitochondria become not only more numerous but structurally optimized to augment energy production.

The study participants were carefully selected to include three distinct groups: men with type 2 diabetes, men with overweight but without diabetes, and men of normal weight, all aged between 40 and 65. Each group underwent a regimented HIIT protocol involving rowing and cycling exercises performed three times weekly. By obtaining and comparing muscle biopsy samples from participants before and after the training, the researchers could visualize minute remodeling processes occurring within the muscle mitochondria, elucidating adaptative changes previously invisible to scientific inquiry.

One of the most striking implications of this study is the overturning of long-held assumptions about mitochondrial plasticity, especially in populations affected by metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. The research clearly shows that the muscles of men with diabetes retain the ability to remodel their mitochondria in response to intense physical training. This challenges the widespread belief that diabetes impairs mitochondrial adaptability and suggests new avenues for therapeutic strategies focused on metabolic health and physical conditioning in diabetic populations.

These revelations offer profound insights into muscle bioenergetics, revealing that improvements in muscle performance and endurance following exercise are attributable not only to mitochondrial proliferation but also to qualitative enhancements in mitochondrial function. Enhanced cristae density means a greater membrane surface area for oxidative phosphorylation, the primary biochemical process by which ATP is produced. Such structural optimization increases the organelle’s capacity to generate energy efficiently, which could translate into improved muscle endurance, strength, and metabolic health.

The methodology employed in this study is as remarkable as its findings. Electron microscopy provided a resolution sufficient to observe and measure ultrastructural changes within mitochondria, overcoming a significant hurdle that hampered earlier investigations. The manual analysis of thousands of mitochondria ensured rigorous quantification of cristae density, a level of precision that previous studies lacked. This technical advancement permits a more nuanced understanding of mitochondrial behavior in response to physiological stimuli and reinforces the value of HIIT as a potent modulator of muscle cell biology.

High-intensity interval training, characterized by brief bursts of maximal effort followed by periods of rest or low activity, has gained popularity for its efficiency and effectiveness in improving cardiovascular and metabolic health. This study adds a cellular-level explanation to its benefits by linking HIIT to enhanced mitochondrial structural characteristics. The implications extend beyond athletes or fitness enthusiasts; they suggest that even individuals with compromised metabolic functions can achieve mitochondrial remodeling that supports better energy metabolism.

Despite these groundbreaking insights, the researchers acknowledge certain limitations. The study’s cohort was relatively small and limited solely to men between the ages of 40 and 65. This raises questions about the generalizability of the results to women, younger individuals, or broader populations. Additionally, the study period of eight weeks provides a snapshot rather than a long-term perspective on mitochondrial adaptations, leaving the durability of these structural changes undetermined. Future research with larger, more diverse cohorts and extended follow-up periods will be necessary to validate and extend these findings.

Nevertheless, the implications for clinical and athletic fields are immense. Understanding that mitochondrial efficiency can be enhanced through structural remodeling encourages the development of more targeted exercise protocols to maximize energy production, endurance, and muscle health. Furthermore, this knowledge can inform interventions for metabolic diseases, potentially aiding in the design of exercise-based therapeutic regimens to complement pharmacological treatments, thus improving quality of life for individuals with type 2 diabetes and related conditions.

At a fundamental biological level, this research enriches the landscape of muscle physiology by illustrating that mitochondrial adaptation encompasses both quantitative and qualitative changes. It highlights the dynamic nature of intracellular organelles and their responsiveness to environmental stimuli such as exercise. This also points to a paradigm shift in how we conceptualize energy metabolism within muscle tissue, emphasizing the role of mitochondrial architecture in addition to biogenesis as a determinant of metabolic capacity.

The study was supported by a range of prestigious institutions, including the Steno Diabetes Center Odense, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, and the University of Southern Denmark. Its results are published in the journal Diabetologia, providing a critical reference point for ongoing and future studies into mitochondrial biology, exercise physiology, and metabolic disease management.

In summary, the University of Southern Denmark’s research compellingly demonstrates that high-intensity interval training induces significant structural enhancements within muscle mitochondria, increasing the density of cristae membranes and thereby improving energy production capabilities. This mitochondrial remodeling occurs even in men with type 2 diabetes, challenging prior assumptions about their muscles’ adaptability. These insights pave the way for novel exercise interventions designed to optimize muscle function and metabolic health through precise cellular mechanisms, enriching both scientific understanding and practical applications in health and fitness.

Subject of Research: Human tissue samples

Article Title: Mitochondrial cristae density is increased following high-intensity interval training in men with type 2 diabetes

News Publication Date: 8-Mar-2026

Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06694-6

References:
Almeida, M. E. de, et al. (2026). Mitochondrial cristae density is increased following high-intensity interval training in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia.

Keywords: mitochondria, cristae density, high-intensity interval training, HIIT, muscle adaptation, type 2 diabetes, mitochondrial remodeling, electron microscopy, muscle energy metabolism, metabolic health

At the heart of this groundbreaking research lies the comparison between two prevalent exercise modalities: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Historically, HIIT has surged in popularity due to its time-efficiency and potent physiological benefits, while MICT represents a more traditional, sustained exercise method. What remains largely uncharted until now is how these distinct intensities sculpt cognitive function and neurochemical responses in youths burdened with excess weight—an issue compounded by the global obesity epidemic and its attendant cognitive risks.

The researchers embarked on a rigorous 12-week intervention, recruiting adolescents with overweight or obesity to partake in either HIIT or MICT routines. The study meticulously measured individual variability, honing in on how participants responded cognitively and biochemically, particularly in terms of BDNF levels—a neurotrophin instrumental in synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and overall brain health. Such individual response analyses represent a shift from group-average outcomes towards personalized medicine paradigms in exercise neuroscience.

Strikingly, the data revealed a heterogeneous response pattern, with distinct subsets of “responders” and “non-responders” emerging within both exercise groups. This variability challenges the conventional wisdom of universal exercise benefits, underscoring the complexity in prescribing optimal physical activity regimens for cognitive enhancement among youth with obesity. Understanding what differentiates responders from non-responders could catalyze personalized interventions tailored to maximize brain health and cognitive resilience.

A pivotal focus of the investigation was the potential explanatory role of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)—a marker of aerobic endurance and overall cardiovascular health—in mediating the inter-individual differences in cognitive and BDNF responses. By examining whether baseline or post-intervention CRF levels correlate with improved cognitive outcomes or BDNF secretion, the research probed deeper into physiological underpinnings that could predict and optimize training response.

Interestingly, findings suggest that CRF may account for a significant proportion of the variability in individual responses to the exercise interventions. Adolescents demonstrating higher CRF tended to exhibit more pronounced cognitive improvements and elevated BDNF concentrations post-training. This link between aerobic fitness and neurobiological adaptation not only reinforces the importance of cardiovascular health in brain function but also invites further exploration into how modifying CRF could potentiate exercise-induced neuroplasticity.

Diving into cognitive assessments, the study employed a battery of standard neuropsychological tests evaluating executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed—domains often compromised in pediatric obesity. Both HIIT and MICT groups showed improvements, yet the magnitude and consistency of cognitive gains appeared greater in the HIIT cohort. This differential effect might be attributable to the distinct physiological stressors and metabolic demands elicited by high-intensity protocols, which could trigger more robust neurotrophic factor release and synaptic remodeling.

On the biochemical front, BDNF emerged as a sensitive biomarker reflecting exercise-induced neural adaptation. Elevated post-exercise BDNF concentrations in responders highlight its potential utility not only as a mechanistic indicator but also as a predictive tool for cognitive benefit. Given BDNF’s centrality in promoting neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, modulating its levels through optimized exercise interventions could represent a promising strategy to mitigate cognitive deficits linked to obesity during critical developmental windows.

Moreover, the investigation illuminated that responders to HIIT exhibited distinct metabolic profiles characterized by enhanced insulin sensitivity and reduced systemic inflammation—physiological states known to synergize with neuroprotective pathways. This metabolic-brain interaction underscores the multifaceted benefits of exercise and pinpoints metabolic health as a potential mediator of cognitive enhancement driven by physical activity.

Despite its illuminating findings, the study prudently acknowledges inherent limitations such as sample size constraints and variability in adherence to exercise protocols. Longitudinal follow-up studies spanning years could unravel the durability of observed cognitive and neurotrophic gains, as well as their translation into academic performance and psychosocial outcomes in real-world settings.

In essence, this research punctuates the critical imperative of individualized approaches when advocating for exercise as a cognitive enhancer in overweight and obese adolescents. The recognition that not all individuals exhibit uniform benefits underscores the need for precision exercise prescriptions, integrating baseline fitness and metabolic health metrics to tailor interventions that maximize neural plasticity and cognitive function.

The broader implications of these findings ripple across clinical, educational, and public health domains. Encouraging participation in well-structured exercise programs, especially HIIT, could serve as an accessible, non-pharmacological adjunct to cognitive remediation efforts. Schools and community centers might consider embedding tailored physical activity curricula focusing on intensity modulation to optimize brain health amongst vulnerable youth populations.

Further mechanistic research is warranted to unravel molecular pathways linking exercise intensity, neurotrophic factor dynamics, metabolic health, and cognitive outcomes. Multi-modal neuroimaging combined with metabolomics and genetic profiling could usher in a new era of personalized exercise neuroscience, pinpointing precise intervention protocols calibrated to individual neurobiological and physiological signatures.

As obesity rates among children and adolescents escalate worldwide, the urgency to deploy effective strategies that safeguard their cognitive development intensifies. This nuanced study contributes a pivotal piece to the puzzle, affirming that the quality and intensity of exercise matter markedly and that tailoring training based on cardiorespiratory fitness may unlock superior brain health benefits.

In conclusion, the intersection of exercise science, neurobiology, and pediatric health converges in this innovative research to chart a promising course toward individualized, intensity-specific physical activity paradigms. By embracing inter-individual variability and fostering optimized interventions, we move closer to harnessing the full cognitive potential in adolescents navigating the challenges of overweight and obesity.

Subject of Research: Effects of different exercise intensities on cognitive outcomes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in adolescents with overweight/obesity.

Article Title: Individual response to continuous and interval training on cognitive and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adolescents with overweight/obesity.

Article References:
de Menezes-Junior, F.J., Brand, C., Tadiotto, M.C. et al. Individual response to continuous and interval training on cognitive and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adolescents with overweight/obesity. Pediatr Res (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04737-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 13 January 2026

The study is centered on a group of female college students, an age group frequently under considerable stress due to academic pressures, personal relationships, and the challenges of transitioning into adulthood. Normal weight obesity, characterized by a normal body mass index (BMI) yet elevated body fat percentage, presents unique health risks that are commonly dismissed as they do not fall within the conventional obesity metrics. By focusing on this group, the researchers aim to shed light on the multifaceted aspects of health that may not be adequately addressed by standard fitness regimens.

At the heart of the research is the implementation of high-intensity interval training, a form of exercise that alternates short bursts of intense activity with periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise. HIIT has gained popularity due to its efficiency and effectiveness in burning calories and improving cardiovascular health in a short amount of time. The researchers hypothesized that this training could also yield notable benefits for mental health and sleep quality, both critical components of overall well-being.

Participants in the study engaged in HIIT sessions tailored for their fitness level, ensuring a safe yet challenging environment conducive to growth and improvement. Each session, conducted under the guidance of qualified instructors, lasted approximately 30 minutes and included a variety of exercises aimed at engaging multiple muscle groups. The rigorous nature of HIIT means that participants are pushed to their limits, promoting not just physical endurance but also resilience and mental fortitude.

Over the duration of the 4-week program, mental health assessments were conducted via validated questionnaires, which measured anxiety levels, depressive symptoms, and overall mood states before and after the intervention. These assessments provided critical insights into how rigorous physical activity can catalyze changes in mental health parameters. The findings indicated a significant reduction in anxiety and depressive symptoms among participants, suggesting that the structured physical exertion of HIIT contributed to enhanced emotional stability.

Another pivotal area of focus within the study was the impact on sleep quality, an aspect often disrupted in individuals dealing with stress and anxiety. Poor sleep quality can exacerbate mental health issues, creating a vicious cycle that can be challenging to break. Participants were encouraged to maintain sleep diaries, tracking their sleep patterns and perceived quality of sleep throughout the study. After completing the HIIT program, many reported substantial improvements in their sleep quality, with longer sleep durations and fewer disturbances during the night.

The implications of these findings are significant, not only for the participants but for the broader community of health professionals, educators, and students alike. The evidence suggests that engaging in regular high-intensity interval training may be a viable strategy in addressing both mental health issues and sleep disturbances among college students. This could lead to the integration of physical fitness programs within university wellness initiatives, promoting a holistic approach to student health.

Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of tailored exercise programs in targeting specific health concerns. The success of the HIIT intervention for this group highlights a potentially transformative approach in public health campaigns aimed at young adults. As mental health continues to rise as a pressing issue among students, finding accessible and effective solutions is paramount.

It is crucial to consider the broader context of growing obesity rates and mental health challenges across populations. Normal weight obesity itself is often a hidden epidemic, with individuals experiencing the negative health impacts of obesity without fitting traditional obesity metrics. Research like that undertaken by Fu et al. serves to expand the conversation surrounding weight, body composition, and health outcomes, encouraging a more nuanced understanding of how these factors intersect.

As further studies build upon these initial findings, there is potential for broader applications of HIIT beyond this specific demographic. From young students to older adults, the principles of high-intensity training may provide solutions to diverse populations seeking improvement in both physical and mental health outcomes.

In conclusion, the insights garnered from this study contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting the integration of physical exercise into mental health treatments. By advocating for HIIT and similar approaches, health practitioners can offer improved care strategies addressing the multifaceted challenges people face today. As fitness trends evolve, keeping mental health at the forefront will be key to developing sustainable and impactful public health initiatives.

The nexus of physical fitness and mental health is a fertile ground for future research. Continued exploration of various training modalities, their effects on different populations, and the underlying physiological and psychological mechanisms involved will further illuminate our understanding of health and wellness. Studies like this, which highlight the importance of maintaining physical activity for mental health benefits, represent significant steps forward in the quest for holistic wellness in an increasingly stressful world.

Subject of Research: The impact of high-intensity interval training on mental health and sleep quality in female college students with normal weight obesity.

Article Title: The impact of 4-week high-intensity interval training on mental health and sleep quality in female college students with normal weight obesity: a randomized controlled trial.

Article References:

Fu, J., Zhang, W., Xu, X. et al. The impact of 4-week high-intensity interval training on mental health and sleep quality in female college students with normal weight obesity: a randomized controlled trial.
J Transl Med 23, 1234 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-07276-7

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-07276-7

Keywords: high-intensity interval training, mental health, sleep quality, normal weight obesity, college students, randomized controlled trial, physical fitness, anxiety, depression, well-being.

High trait anxiety refers to a personality characteristic characterized by a consistent tendency to perceive situations as threatening, leading to heightened emotional reactivity and impaired emotional regulation. Conventional treatments often rely on pharmacological agents or cognitive-behavioral therapy, but these approaches are sometimes limited by side effects or accessibility challenges. This study by Li, Che, Yu, and their colleagues pioneers a different route by harnessing the physiological impacts of HIIT as an intervention strategy to specifically target emotional processing deficits.

HIIT is a form of exercise involving repeated bouts of high-intensity effort alternated with varied recovery times and intensities, often completed in a shorter duration than traditional endurance training. The researchers hypothesized that the intense physiological demands of HIIT could trigger neurobiological adaptations that enhance emotional processing abilities, perhaps through pathways involving neuroplasticity, stress hormone regulation, or autonomic nervous system modulation.

The methodology employed in this study was meticulously designed to generate robust and reliable data. Adult participants with clinically assessed high trait anxiety were enrolled and randomly assigned to either a HIIT intervention group or a control group following standard physical activity guidelines. Over several weeks, the intervention group engaged in regimented sessions of HIIT, which included cycling sprints and treadmill running intervals, while their emotional processing capabilities were periodically evaluated using standardized neuropsychological tests and neuroimaging techniques.

One of the key technological components of this research was the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor brain activity patterns during tasks designed to provoke emotional responses. The authors focused on assessing changes in regions implicated in emotional processing and anxiety, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Impressively, participants undergoing HIIT exhibited diminished hyperactivity in the amygdala—commonly overactive in anxious individuals—alongside increased connectivity in regulatory circuits linking the prefrontal cortex with deeper limbic structures.

Biochemically, the study probed alterations in cortisol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels following the exercise protocols. Elevated BDNF is recognized for supporting synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, and its augmentation after HIIT could underlie improved emotional regulation. Conversely, cortisol, a stress hormone typically elevated in anxiety disorders, showed a more moderated response profile post-exercise, suggesting a recalibration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Behaviorally, participants demonstrated meaningful improvements not only in laboratory measures but also in self-reported emotional processing scales, including enhanced recognition of facial emotions and reduced attentional biases towards threat-related cues. These findings indicate that the cognitive and affective benefits of HIIT extend beyond isolated test environments into everyday emotional functioning, offering tangible relief to those burdened by trait anxiety.

Moreover, the authors delved into the molecular underpinnings of these effects by analyzing peripheral blood samples for inflammatory markers, given mounting evidence linking systemic inflammation to anxiety pathology. Post-HIIT, reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines were observed, aligning with a broader systemic anti-inflammatory effect that could contribute to mood stabilization and resilience against emotional disturbances.

This comprehensive approach situates HIIT as a multifaceted intervention, exerting its therapeutic influence through an intricate interplay of brain plasticity, neuroendocrine modulation, and immune system recalibration. The study’s rigorous control measures and longitudinal design also enabled precise delineation of cause and effect, strengthening the credibility of the conclusions and opening pathways for future clinical applications.

The societal implications of these findings cannot be overstated. Anxiety disorders impose substantial burdens on healthcare systems and diminish quality of life for millions globally. Integrating HIIT into routine mental health treatment plans could democratize access to effective remedies, especially in settings where pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy are constrained by resources. Furthermore, HIIT’s time-efficient format addresses common barriers to exercise adherence, enhancing feasibility for individuals juggling modern life stressors.

However, the authors caution that while their results are promising, further investigation is required to optimize the dose-response relationship of HIIT for emotional benefits, determine long-term sustainability, and explore potential interactions with other therapeutic modalities. They advocate for diversified research including wider demographic samples and comorbid conditions to validate generalizability.

In closing, this study contributes a compelling narrative to the growing consensus that physical exercise, particularly high-intensity interval training, stands as a potent and versatile tool in the fight against anxiety-related emotional impairments. By elucidating the neural and biochemical foundations of how HIIT reshapes emotional circuits, Li and colleagues have set a new benchmark for interdisciplinary research bridging neuroscience, psychology, and exercise physiology. Their work not only redefines paradigms of mental health treatment but also inspires a hopeful vision where movement is medicine for the mind as well as the body.

Subject of Research:
Emotional processing deficits and high trait anxiety; effects of high-intensity interval training on neural, biochemical, and behavioral outcomes

Article Title:
Amelioration of emotional processing deficits in individuals with high trait anxiety following high-intensity interval training

Article References:
Li, C., Che, X., Yu, J. et al. Amelioration of emotional processing deficits in individuals with high trait anxiety following high-intensity interval training. BMC Psychol 13, 1103 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03413-5

Image Credits:
AI Generated