The study used conventional qualitative content analysis, a method designed to extract meaning from human experience without imposing pre-existing theories. Researchers recruited nurses, head nurses, educational supervisors, faculty members, a nursing service manager and a critical care physician, each with at least five years of experience in critical care or teaching. Participants ranged in age from 33 to 60, with clinical experience spanning 10 to 29 years, and came from six universities of medical sciences across Iran. In-depth, semi-structured interviews lasting 30 to 60 minutes were conducted face-to-face or by telephone over three months in late 2023, then transcribed verbatim and analyzed with MAXQDA software. Saturation was confirmed when two consecutive interviews produced no new codes, and an additional interview was conducted to verify the finding.

The analytical process was rigorous and iterative. From the transcripts, researchers initially extracted 74 primary codes appearing 717 times; after expert consultation, merging and refinement, the final dataset comprised 61 codes organized into 25 subcategories, 8 categories and 4 main themes. Trustworthiness was reinforced through member checking, in which twelve participants reviewed their own transcripts and preliminary codes, prolonged engagement over three months of data collection, peer debriefing, an audit trail and an 87 percent inter-coder agreement rate. The researchers were careful to note that the relationships they describe reflect participants’ perceptions and the team’s interpretation, not demonstrated causal pathways.

The first and most visceral theme was the emotional burden of caring for dying patients. Nurses described fear, anxiety, helplessness, compassion fatigue, moral distress and unresolved grief accumulating over decades of service. One educational supervisor with 29 years of experience captured the cumulative toll plainly: every death changes you, and even after two decades she remains scared despite having seen so much. Another nurse recalled her first patient death at age 23, when the dying man asked whether he was dying and she stood frozen, lacking the knowledge to respond honestly but compassionately. That moment of helplessness, she said, still haunts her, not because she could not save him but because she could not be present for him.

Compassion fatigue emerged as a gradual erosion of empathic capacity. A nurse with 26 years of service said she felt she had nothing left to offer, that she once cried with families but now performs her duties out of compulsion, protecting herself by numbing herself. Moral distress proved especially distinctive in the Iranian context. Nurses described keeping patients on invasive life support for weeks or months when everyone knew there was no hope, because families believed divine intervention could save their loved ones and physicians were reluctant to declare that enough was enough. In a culture that emphasizes the sanctity of life, the absence of clear ethical guidelines for limiting treatment leaves nurses bearing the moral weight of what they perceive as futile care. Grief, too, accumulated silently: one nurse who had watched hundreds of patients die said no one had ever asked how she felt about it.

The second theme was systemic neglect, an institutional indifference that spans education and clinical policy. Participants reported that death and dying were largely absent from nursing curricula; one nurse said that in four years of nursing school there was perhaps a single lecture on terminal care. Even faculty members who recognized the topic’s importance said national curriculum requirements left no room for it, with one professor of 21 years reporting she had never taught separate sessions on palliative care. Clinically, Iran lacks a national palliative care organization, standard clinical guidelines and specialist nurses in the field. Unlike the United Kingdom or Australia, which have systematic national structures, Iran has no centralized entity overseeing policy, resource allocation, workforce planning or quality improvement in this domain, despite national ethical guidelines that exist largely on paper.

The third theme addressed fragmentation within care teams and communication gaps with patients and families, two dimensions the researchers describe as tightly coupled. Iran’s healthcare system was characterized as physician-centred, with nurses systematically marginalized in decision-making. Head nurses described confusion over who should speak to families about a dying patient’s condition, with physicians and nurses sometimes giving families different information, or no one explaining anything at all. Heavy workloads and stressful environments drained the energy needed for genuine teamwork. On the family side, cultural taboos around death made honest conversation nearly impossible. Families often asked nurses to withhold the truth or offer false hope, believing that discussing death was ominous and would erode the patient’s will to fight. Nurses with no training in delivering bad news found themselves caught between professional honesty and families’ religiously framed requests for silence.

The fourth theme exposed the absence of supportive infrastructure at social, economic and physical levels. An ageing population and rising chronic disease have surged demand for end-of-life services, yet the system has not responded. International sanctions, budget deficits and incomplete insurance coverage have starved palliative care of investment, with the study’s single physician participant noting that even basic equipment is barely available. The infrastructure gap is stark: Iran has essentially no hospices, limited home care services and weak telehealth, so dying patients default to intensive care units that are not designed for comfort-focused care. Researchers call this acute care bias, a pattern in which the absence of appropriate settings forces the dying into environments oriented toward cure rather than comfort, isolating patients, stressing families and overloading nurses.

Perhaps the study’s most consequential contribution is its conceptual model showing how these four themes reinforce one another in a self-perpetuating cycle. Systemic neglect leaves nurses untrained and unprepared, which deepens fear and emotional exhaustion. Emotional burden and communication failures drive staff toward burnout and turnover, thinning the expert workforce further, a dynamic participants said is already visible as experienced faculty and clinicians emigrate and new graduates arrive weaker each year. Fragmented teams channel structural problems down to the bedside, and inadequate infrastructure removes any institutional buffer. Similar vicious cycles have been reported internationally, but this is the first time the pattern has been mapped in Iran through qualitative analysis spanning educational, clinical and policy levels simultaneously.

The authors propose coordinated interventions rather than isolated fixes: establishing an independent national organization for palliative and end-of-life care, integrating death and dying content into undergraduate nursing curricula, developing culturally and religiously attuned clinical guidelines, creating structured family communication protocols and bereavement support, expanding hospice and home care, and providing nurses with regular debriefing and psychological counselling. The study has limitations, chiefly its qualitative design, which limits generalizability, and its focus on professional perspectives rather than those of patients and families, with only one physician participating. Yet its message resonates far beyond Iran’s borders. As populations worldwide age and chronic disease replaces acute illness as the dominant mode of dying, the study stands as a warning that a healthcare system built exclusively around saving lives will fail, morally and structurally, at the one task every patient eventually requires: a good death.

Subject of Research: Challenges in providing end-of-life nursing care in Iran

Article Title: Challenges in Providing End‐of‐Life Nursing Care: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Article References: Challenges in Providing End‐of‐Life Nursing Care: A Qualitative Content Analysis. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.70866

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1002/nop2.70866

Keywords: end-of-life care, nursing, palliative care, qualitative research, moral distress, compassion fatigue, Iran, health policy, communication barriers, hospice, burnout, medical education