The specimens used for this study were collected in 2022 and 2023 from two localities in the Aksu Prefecture of Xinjiang. The collection sites included Awati County and Xinhe County, located in the western part of the autonomous region. Researchers anesthetized live adults with diethyl ether and carefully excised a mid-leg from each individual for DNA extraction. The remaining specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol and deposited in the Entomological Collection of the School of Agriculture at Ningxia University. This rigorous collection and preservation protocol ensured that both morphological and molecular data could be obtained from the same individuals, providing a robust foundation for the taxonomic description.

Morphologically, G. xinjiangica is a large mole cricket with a body length exceeding 40 millimeters. It is characterized by a generally greyish-brown body and distinct yellowish ocelli. The pronotum is ovoid and features a prominent median Y-shaped longitudinal stripe. A key diagnostic feature is the absence of inner subapical spurs on the hind tibiae, a trait that distinguishes it from several related species. The tegminal venation also shows specific patterns, with the R vein branching into RA and RP. Furthermore, the male stridulatory file contains between 69 and 83 teeth, a density significantly lower than that found in the closely related G. unispina. These morphological differences are consistent across all examined specimens, supporting the recognition of G. xinjiangica as a distinct biological entity.

The male genitalia provide additional critical diagnostic characters for this new species. The epiphallus is hourglass-shaped, and the apex of the median prolongation is fan-shaped in dorsal view. This fan-shaped apex is approximately as wide as or slightly wider than the base of the median prolongation, a configuration not observed in other members of the G. gryllotalpa complex. In contrast, G. unispina possesses a shovel-shaped apex that is noticeably narrower than its base. The transverse sclerite in G. xinjiangica is L-shaped in caudal view and V-shaped in dorsal view, whereas in G. unispina it appears broadly U-shaped. These genital structures are highly conserved within the species complex, making them reliable markers for species delimitation in cases where external morphology is ambiguous.

To support the morphological findings, researchers sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of G. xinjiangica. The mitogenome is a circular DNA molecule comprising the standard set of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. The overall AT content is approximately 71%, indicating a strong AT bias typical of many insect mitochondrial genomes. A notable finding was the detection of a novel tRNA gene rearrangement, specifically the order trnE-trnN-trnS1. This arrangement differs from the putative ancestral insect gene order, which is typically trnN-trnS1-trnE. Such rearrangements are relatively rare and can provide valuable phylogenetic markers for understanding evolutionary relationships within the superfamily Grylloidea.

Phylogenetic analyses based on the cox1 gene further confirmed the distinctiveness of the new species. Both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods recovered G. xinjiangica as a sister lineage to the clade comprising G. vineae and G. gryllotalpa. Although the support for this specific node was moderate, the placement of G. xinjiangica as an independent lineage was stable across different analytical methods. Pairwise genetic distances between G. xinjiangica and its congeners ranged from 0.21 to 0.25, values that are comparable to or exceed those of reported interspecific divergence within the genus. These molecular results align with the morphological evidence, reinforcing the conclusion that G. xinjiangica is a valid and distinct species.

The discovery of G. xinjiangica highlights the challenges associated with species delimitation in the Gryllotalpa genus. Many species within this group exhibit highly conserved external morphology, making visual identification difficult without detailed examination of genitalia or molecular data. Previous taxonomic revisions in Europe have shown that morphologically similar populations can represent distinct species, a pattern now confirmed in East Asia. The new species shares several characteristic features with the G. gryllotalpa complex, including large body size, well-developed wings, and specific tegminal venation patterns. However, the combination of unique genital structures and mitochondrial genome organization provides sufficient evidence to distinguish it from all previously described species.

This study also provides an updated identification key to the known Chinese species of Gryllotalpidae, which includes twelve species in total. The key is based on adult morphological characters and helps taxonomists distinguish between the various species found in the country. The inclusion of G. xinjiangica in this key reflects the growing body of knowledge about mole cricket diversity in China. As more species are described and characterized, the understanding of the biogeography and evolution of these insects in the region continues to deepen. The new species is currently known only from Xinjiang, but future surveys may reveal its presence in other parts of northwestern China or adjacent regions.

The mitochondrial genome data generated in this study adds to the limited genomic resources available for the family Gryllotalpidae. While mitochondrial genome organization alone cannot serve as definitive evidence for species delimitation, it provides valuable comparative data for evolutionary studies. The detection of the tRNA gene rearrangement suggests that this region of the genome may be a hotspot for evolutionary change within the superfamily. Future studies incorporating broader taxon sampling and additional molecular markers will be essential for resolving the complex relationships within the genus Gryllotalpa. The concordance between morphological, phylogenetic, and genomic data in this study offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the diversity of mole crickets in East Asia.

In conclusion, the description of Gryllotalpa xinjiangica marks a significant addition to the known diversity of orthopterans in China. The integration of detailed morphological analysis with modern genomic techniques has allowed researchers to confidently identify this new species and place it within the broader context of the G. gryllotalpa species complex. The findings emphasize the ongoing importance of taxonomic research in uncovering hidden biodiversity and understanding evolutionary processes. As scientific tools continue to advance, the potential for discovering new species in well-studied regions remains substantial, particularly in areas with complex topography and varied habitats such as the Xinjiang region.

Subject of Research: A new species of Gryllotalpa (Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) from northwestern China, with notes on its mitochondrial genome

Article Title: A new species of Gryllotalpa ( Orthoptera , Gryllotalpidae ) from northwestern China, with notes on its mitochondrial genome

Article References: Gu, Y.-R., Deng, X.-L., Zhu, L., Ma, Y., & Miao, Y. (2026). A new species of Gryllotalpa (Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) from northwestern China, with notes on its mitochondrial genome. ZooKeys, 1291, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1291.203191

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1291.203191

Keywords: species, Gryllotalpa, Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae, northwestern, China, notes, mitochondrial, genome, scientific research