The study examined English-language newspaper sources from the United States and Europe up to December 31, 2024, assembling a final corpus of 43,027 articles, of which 9,684 came from the United States and 33,343 from Europe. The authors combined computational text analysis with interpretive examination of the corpus, a methodological pairing that allowed them to detect broad patterns of representation across a very large body of coverage while also reading individual articles closely for nuance. The scale of the dataset matters: with tens of thousands of articles spanning years of reporting, recurring patterns of framing and sourcing become statistically visible in ways that smaller samples cannot reveal.

What emerged from the analysis is what the researchers describe as a striking hierarchy of visibility and authority. Massimo Ragnedda, professor of media and communication at the University of Sharjah and the study’s senior author, said the findings reveal that the United States is predominantly positioned as a technological innovator and leader, while Europe is cast as a regulator and normative evaluator. In this symbolic geography, America supplies the vision of the AI future and Europe supplies the moral and legal guardrails, a division of narrative labor that mirrors but also reinforces real-world concentrations of technological and institutional power.

China’s position in the coverage is more complicated and more ambivalent. Although Beijing is a leading AI power alongside the United States, the authors found that it appears as a hyper-visible but ambivalent rival, associated in the reporting with surveillance, geopolitical competition, and strategic threat. In other words, China is never ignored—its AI ambitions receive enormous attention—but that attention is filtered through frames of suspicion and rivalry rather than through the celebratory innovation narratives routinely applied to American firms and researchers. Visibility, the study suggests, is not the same as favorable representation.

Most striking of all is who is missing. Countries in Africa and Latin America are largely absent from the narrative or positioned primarily as sites of implementation, risk, or developmental need. They appear, when they appear at all, not as authors of technological futures but as territories where other people’s technologies are deployed, where risks materialize, or where development gaps must be closed. The result is a global AI story told almost entirely from a narrow band of the English-speaking world, in which the majority of humanity figures as a backdrop rather than as a protagonist.

The researchers conceptualize this pattern as discursive stratification, a term meant to capture an unequal distribution of narrative authority in which some actors are repeatedly positioned as legitimate authors and interpreters of technological futures, while others appear mainly as recipients, sites of implementation, or objects of technological change. The metaphor of stratification is deliberate: like geological layers, the media coverage sorts nations into tiers of narrative standing, with the top layers granted the authority to imagine and define what artificial intelligence will become, and the lower layers assigned passive or problematic roles in that unfolding story.

This framing draws on recent political-economy scholarship that views AI not simply as an unprecedented technological innovation with far-reaching consequences for human life, but as a sphere beset by rivalries over power distribution, geopolitical competition, and infrastructural concentration. The study extends that perspective into the realm of communication, treating AI as an inequality regime in which communicative power, visibility, value, and opportunity are redistributed through unequal linguistic structures of control. On this account, the struggle over AI is fought not only in laboratories, data centers, and regulatory agencies, but in the language used to describe the technology in the world’s most influential newspapers.

Central to the argument is a redefinition of what news does. The researchers conceptualize news not as a mirror of technological change, but as a narrative infrastructure—a discursive and institutional system through which AI becomes publicly legible and through which some actors are positioned as innovators, regulators, threats, or absences. Just as physical infrastructure such as undersea cables and semiconductor supply chains determines who can access and deploy the technology, this narrative infrastructure determines who can meaningfully participate in the public conversation about it. The stories repeatedly told about AI, the authors argue, help shape perceptions of who leads, who regulates, who threatens, who benefits, and who remains largely unheard.

The implications extend well beyond media criticism. Ragnedda notes that AI does not simply determine what we talk about; it also helps determine who is recognized as having the authority to speak about the technology and whose futures are considered worth imagining. If the public understanding of artificial intelligence is filtered through a narrow set of voices, then policy debates, investment decisions, and regulatory frameworks built on that understanding risk inheriting the same blind spots. The absence of African and Latin American perspectives, for example, means that questions of digital colonialism, labor exploitation in data annotation, and unequal access to AI benefits may be systematically underexplored in the outlets that most shape elite opinion.

The authors are nonetheless optimistic about the study’s contribution to the field. They write that it advances communication scholarship beyond descriptive analyses of representation toward a structural account of narrative authority in global media systems, showing how framing, sourcing hierarchies, and thematic emphasis combine to produce the symbolic geography of AI. Ragnedda distills the stakes into a single question: the issue is not only who builds AI, but who gets to define what AI means, and whose voice is missing. As artificial intelligence continues to reshape economies, security doctrines, and daily life, the study suggests that paying attention to the chain of dominance and dependence embedded in everyday news coverage may be as important as worrying about the technology itself.

Subject of Research: Discursive stratification and narrative authority in Western English-language news coverage of artificial intelligence

Article Title: Though seen as a threat to humanity, AI reporting in the West reflects a clear chain of dominance and dependence

Article References: Though seen as a threat to humanity, AI reporting in the West reflects a clear chain of dominance and dependence. (n.d.). Original publication

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: Not provided

Keywords: artificial intelligence, media narratives, discursive stratification, narrative authority, news media, United States, Europe, China, Global South, computational text analysis, communication research, geopolitical competition