The most striking changes concern livestock. Under a scenario aligned with a 2025 EAT–Lancet Commission-style transformation, the global value of livestock production could decline by 42% ($630 billion) by 2050. The authors attribute this to reductions in ruminant demand as diets move away from high-impact foods.

For ruminants specifically, production value is projected to drop by 70% ($274 billion), alongside 400 million fewer ruminant animals globally by 2050. In parallel, the value of vegetable, fruit, nut, and legume production is projected to rise by 57% ($890 billion), reflecting demand shifts toward plant-rich diets.

The modeling was led by researchers from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) and Cornell University, alongside 10 independent modeling teams. The work is presented as computational simulation, exploring how large-scale diet transitions interact with agricultural production, land use, and greenhouse-gas pathways.

Importantly, the authors link the transformation to climate mitigation: agriculture-related net CO2 emissions from land-use change could fall by 85% by 2050 relative to 2020. The analysis also draws on the EAT–Lancet framework’s health premise, where healthier eating patterns could reduce premature deaths by an estimated 15 million per year.

The paper emphasizes that these results are not a forecast but an “early guide” to where shocks and opportunities may arise. Governments, the researchers argue, must act before 2050 because the sectoral contractions and expansions required by such a transformation would begin well before the target date.

Regional outcomes vary sharply. The US agricultural production value is projected to decline by 21% ($76 billion), with crop value rising by 20% while livestock value falls by 73%. India shows the opposite direction overall, with agricultural value increasing by 46% ($198 billion), crop value up 65%, and livestock value down 8%.

In the scenario for Europe, total agricultural value falls by 35% ($190 billion), driven by an especially steep livestock decline. The authors caution that the model assumes a costless shift in consumer preferences, even though affordability, accessibility, and cultural food habits will complicate real-world adoption.

Overall, the study argues that timely policy choices could protect vulnerable producers and consumers while accelerating a shift toward healthier, more sustainable, and more equitable food systems.

Subject of Research: Food systems transformation and global agriculture reshaping
Article Title: ‘Food systems transformation would reshape global agriculture’
News Publication Date: 15-Jul-2026
Web References: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10775-2
References: 10.1038/s41586-026-10775-2; 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01201-2
Image Credits: Not provided
Keywords: food systems, healthy diets, livestock reduction, land use change, ruminants, agricultural value, climate mitigation, EAT–Lancet, modeling studies