The research team, led by Deeksha Bajpai Tewari of Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, together with colleagues from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and the Campus Law Centre at the University of Delhi, set out to quantify a relationship that has long been theorized but rarely mapped at this scale. Domestic spaces formed by marital setups, the authors note, involve complex power dynamics that often favor male members. Practices that oppress women can become so normalized, and so thoroughly internalized, that they shape women’s perceptions of what is acceptable before any violence is ever experienced. That framing turns the study into more than a statistical exercise; it is an attempt to measure the invisible architecture of household power.

To do this, the researchers constructed two composite measures. The first, a Women Autonomy Index (WAI), aggregates indicators of women’s self-reported freedom across domains such as mobility, access to money, and attitudes toward wife-beating. The second, a Women Decision-making Index (WDI), captures the extent to which women participate in key household decisions, including those concerning their own health care, large purchases, and visits to family. Both indices were built using a minimum-maximum standardization method, which rescales each underlying variable to a common range so that the components can be meaningfully combined. This technique, standard in psychometrics and composite indicator construction, allows researchers to compare states as different as Kerala and Bihar on a single, interpretable scale.

The dependent variables were drawn from the NFHS-5 modules on spousal violence, which record whether women report experiencing physical, sexual, or emotional violence from their husbands, as well as whether they sought help after such experiences. Supplementary data came from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) of 2020 and the National Crime Records Bureau’s Crime in India Report 2020, providing state-level context on employment and recorded crime. Crucially, the team also incorporated each state or union territory’s Human Development Index (HDI), a composite of income, education, and health, to test whether broad socio-economic development alone explains the geography of violence against women.

The analytical sequence was deliberately structured. Pearson correlation tests were used to probe the strength and direction of associations between the two indices and the violence outcomes. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was then applied to model the relationship while accounting for the HDI backdrop, allowing the authors to ask whether autonomy predicts violence independently of a state’s overall development level. Finally, univariate and bivariate spatial analysis was conducted to visualize how the indices and violence rates cluster across the map of India, revealing geographic patterns that a purely tabular analysis would obscure. Spatial methods of this kind are increasingly used in epidemiology and social science to detect regional hotspots and to test whether neighboring territories share similar profiles.

The findings cut against a comfortable assumption: that prosperity automatically protects women. States with high HDI scores do not uniformly exhibit low levels of spousal violence, and the study highlights that women’s empowerment within the household and within relationships plays a vital role in reducing their vulnerabilities and lowering their tolerance of violence inflicted by husbands. In other words, the protective effect appears to operate at the level of the marriage itself, in who decides, who controls resources, and who is permitted to move through the world unaccompanied, rather than at the level of aggregate state wealth.

This conclusion resonates with a substantial international literature. Economic theories of intimate partner violence, including resource theory and its feminist extensions, have long suggested that shifts in relative power between spouses can either reduce violence or, in some contexts, provoke a male backlash when women’s status rises faster than social norms can absorb. Studies from Bangladesh, Pakistan, sub-Saharan Africa, and urban India have documented both patterns, and the Indian evidence base includes the well-known finding that women’s employment can sometimes be associated with elevated risk when husbands perceive their authority as threatened. The new study’s state-level perspective adds a geographic dimension to this debate, suggesting that the balance between empowerment as protection and empowerment as provocation may vary systematically across India’s regions.

The scale of the underlying survey lends the analysis considerable statistical power. With more than half a million respondents, the NFHS-5 is among the largest household surveys in the world to include a dedicated domestic violence module, administered to a subsample of eligible women under strict confidentiality protocols. That scale matters because violence against women is chronically underreported, and only very large samples can stabilize estimates at the state and union territory level. The authors’ use of secondary data also means the study required no new fieldwork; ethical approval guidelines were recorded as not applicable, and the authors declared no competing interests or external funding. The constructed indices and analysis data have been made publicly available through the figshare repository, an increasingly common practice intended to let other researchers scrutinize and extend the work.

Why does decision-making autonomy matter mechanistically? The authors’ framework points to the internalization of oppressive norms as a key pathway. When women themselves regard wife-beating as justified under certain circumstances, a question NFHS directly asks, their tolerance of abuse rises and their likelihood of seeking help falls. Autonomy, in this view, is not merely a privilege but a form of cognitive and practical infrastructure: women who control money can leave or negotiate; women who decide about their own health can seek care after injury; women who are consulted about household purchases occupy a bargaining position that makes violence a costlier strategy for a violent partner. Help-seeking behavior, which the study also models, is the visible tip of this process, and its geographic distribution mirrors the autonomy indices in ways the spatial analysis makes strikingly apparent.

The policy implications are hard to ignore. India has invested heavily in legal remedies, from the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act to helplines and one-stop crisis centers, yet prevalence remains stubbornly high in many states. If the study’s central claim holds, interventions that target household-level power, such as women’s property rights, financial inclusion, and norms-change programs that engage men, may be as important as criminal justice responses. The authors’ integration of the HDI also serves as a caution to development planners: rising incomes and literacy do not automatically dismantle patriarchal bargaining within marriage. As the researchers put it in their abstract, besides socio-economic development, women’s empowerment within the household and relationships plays a vital role in reducing vulnerability. Mapping where autonomy is thinnest, their spatial analysis suggests, may be the first step toward directing resources where they can do the most good, and toward redefining development itself as something that must be measured inside the home as well as outside it.

Subject of Research: The association between women's household decision-making autonomy and spousal violence across Indian states

Article Title: Association between autonomy in decision making and violence faced by married women: an exploratory study of Indian states

Article References: Tewari, D. B., Gautam, U., Das, P., Jaiswal, V., & Mishra, A. (2026). Association between autonomy in decision making and violence faced by married women: an exploratory study of Indian states. SN Social Sciences, 6(10), Article 502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-026-01785-y

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s43545-026-01785-y

Keywords: women's autonomy, spousal violence, India, NFHS-5, decision-making, domestic violence, Human Development Index, empowerment, gender, spatial analysis, public health, household power dynamics