Discrete-time hazard models assessed relationships between strategic combinations and the risk of exit, while the Kodde–Palm test and an adjustment for non-random survey attrition were used in the analysis. Because the study analyzed existing longitudinal data rather than assigning strategies experimentally, its findings describe statistical associations within the sampled firms and do not establish causal effects. Two strategic pairings showed lower exit hazards: environmental self-regulation combined with exports, and environmental self-regulation combined with process innovation.

The researchers characterize these combinations as complementary strategies in the context of resource-constrained manufacturing SMEs. The results therefore do not support a general claim that environmental self-regulation independently predicts survival. Instead, the observed association depended on the broader strategy with which it was combined.

Product innovation produced a different pattern. Within the study’s strategic framework, product innovation operated as a substitute for environmental self-regulation rather than as a complement. The authors interpret this contrast as evidence of resource-allocation trade-offs among strategic configurations.

Their analysis does not determine how any individual firm should allocate resources, but it shows that process and product innovation did not have the same statistical relationship with environmental self-regulation and exit hazards in this Vietnamese manufacturing sample. The authors present the findings as a tentative, context-specific refinement of the Porter Hypothesis for resource-constrained SMEs: the potential resilience associated with environmental practices appears to depend on the strategic package surrounding them. The study is limited to the population, period and transition setting examined, so its results should not be treated as universal evidence for other sectors or national economies.

It also does not show that deliberately changing environmental policy, export activity or innovation would reproduce the observed survival patterns. The clearest conclusion is that, among the 6,398 firms studied, environmental self-regulation was linked to lower exit hazards in two specific strategic combinations, while product innovation did not reinforce it in the same way.

Subject of Research: Associations among environmental self-regulation, innovation, exports and survival of Vietnamese manufacturing SMEs

Article Title: Synergistic relationships of environmental self regulation, innovation and export on survival of Vietnamese manufacturing SMEs

Article References: Tran-Nam, Q., & Tiet, T. (2026). Synergistic relationships of environmental self regulation, innovation and export on survival of Vietnamese manufacturing SMEs. Discover Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-04746-w

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s43621-026-04746-w

Keywords: Vietnamese manufacturing, small and medium enterprises, firm survival, exit hazard, environmental self-regulation, process innovation, product innovation, export strategy, strategic complementarity, corporate sustainability, Synergistic, relationships