Prof. Inga Kamp, a distinguished figure in the realm of astrophysics, has devised a groundbreaking project entitled “DISKS-ROCK.” This ambitious initiative is rooted in her quest to leverage the capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope, a revolutionary instrument that promises unprecedented views of our universe. Kamp’s research aims to decode the primordial ingredients from which rocky planets like Earth are formed. By meticulously examining these building blocks, she aims to contextualize Earth’s origin within the broader cosmic narrative, providing insights that could illuminate future explorations for extraterrestrial life.

In her pursuit, Prof. Kamp envisions the development of an innovative two-dimensional modeling framework that integrates physical, chemical, and dynamical processes. This multi-faceted approach is crucial for understanding the intricate disk evolution during the formative stages of rocky planet development. By utilizing statistically relevant disk samples, Kamp’s research could provide a pivotal shift in our comprehension of planetary formation and evolution, potentially unveiling conditions conducive to life across the galaxy.

Meanwhile, Prof. Wouter Roos is turning his attention towards the enigmatic world of RNA-containing viruses. His project on the “Label-free assembly of RNA-containing viruses” allows him to delve into the complexities of viral architecture. Through this investigation, Roos seeks to uncover the mechanisms underpinning how these intricate assemblies are constructed. Insights gained from this research may not only enhance our fundamental understanding of viral pathogens but could also pave the way for the design of more effective antiviral treatments.

Roos’s project holds particular significance in the context of timely global health challenges. As traditional microscopy techniques fall short in tracking the rapid and dynamic processes involved in viral assembly, Roos plans to employ advanced microscopy and nanomanipulation techniques. By recording the real-time construction of RNA viruses at the nanoscale, he aspires to reveal crucial information about how viral structures can be disrupted, ultimately aiding in the formulation of novel antiviral agents that target the very fabric of these viruses.

Lastly, Prof. Syuzanna Harutyunyan delves into the realm of synthetic chemistry with her project titled “The Dance of Molecules: Rhythmic Systems through Organic Catalysis.” Inspired by nature’s inherent oscillations—such as the rhythmic cycles of sleep, neuronal firing, and even the heartbeat—Harutyunyan’s work seeks to unify the concepts of oscillation and catalysis within chemical reactions. By integrating periodicity into synthetic processes, she intends to introduce feedback control that mimics the regulatory mechanisms seen in complex biological networks.

This innovative endeavor marks a departure from traditional synthetic chemistry, which has prioritised steady-state conditions. Harutyunyan’s approach is poised to revolutionize how chemists think about catalysts by introducing the concept of autonomous oscillators. These oscillators would be capable of dynamically regulating reaction conditions over time, optimizing yields, and allowing for the tailored production of diverse chemical compounds. The broader implications of her work could extend beyond chemistry, influencing diverse fields such as materials science and systems biology.

The wealth of knowledge generated from the projects helmed by Kamp, Roos, and Harutyunyan not only enriches our understanding of their respective domains but potentially transforms the landscapes of astrophysics, virology, and synthetic chemistry. The ERC grants empower these researchers to explore uncharted territories, thereby fostering an environment ripe for innovation and discovery. As these scholars embark on their ambitious research projects, the scientific community eagerly awaits the potential breakthroughs that await.

Establishing these modern frontiers in research signifies a broader commitment to the pursuit of knowledge and the advancement of society. By investing in groundbreaking research, the ERC is not only elevating scientific understanding but also contributing to the broader quest to solve pressing global challenges. As the work of these researchers unfolds, their findings may provide pivotal insights into our origins, our health, and our future, highlighting the dynamic interplay between fundamental research and real-world applications.

The collaborations formed within the University of Groningen under the auspices of the ERC will undoubtedly foster an atmosphere of intellectual exchange and mutual inspiration. Such interdisciplinary initiatives have the potential to yield comprehensive approaches to complex problems, further enhancing the collective impact of their research on society. The advancements that stem from these ERC-funded projects will continue to resonate throughout their respective fields, cementing the University of Groningen’s reputation as a hub of innovative scholarly pursuit.

In conclusion, the ERC Advanced Grants serve as a testament to the power of sustained investment in scientific research. They embody the belief that profound discoveries are born from the intersection of curiosity, creativity, and rigorous inquiry. As these three distinguished professors embark on their journeys of exploration, we stand on the precipice of new scientific revolutions, poised to uncover truths that could redefine our understanding of the universe and our place within it.

Subject of Research: Astrophysics, Virology, Synthetic Chemistry
Article Title: ERC Advanced Grants Fuel Groundbreaking Research at University of Groningen
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References: [Specify Published Works]
Image Credits: Photo Wouter Roos: Reyer Boxem, Other photos: University of Groningen

Keywords

ERC Advanced Grants, Astrophysics, RNA Viruses, Synthetic Chemistry, James Webb Space Telescope, Organic Catalysis, University of Groningen, Research Innovation

The recipients of these grants, Professor Kylie Jarrett and Associate Professor Barry Wardell, are embarking on groundbreaking projects that stand to advance our understanding of two critical areas: digital livelihoods and gravitational waves. The ERC Advanced Grants are intended for seasoned researchers who are willing to tackle ambitious and potentially transformative scientific inquiries. The projects funded through these grants are expected to yield insights that could fundamentally reshape their respective fields.

Professor Kylie Jarrett, a renowned figure in Information and Communication Studies, is at the helm of the LivePlatforms project. This ambitious endeavor seeks to unpack the intricate ecosystem surrounding livelihoods generated through digital platforms, exploring how individuals gain income in an increasingly digital economy. With platforms like Deliveroo and Upwork, as well as self-styled influencers on social media, the fabric of work is evolving rapidly. Jarrett aims to dissect this landscape, providing a holistic understanding of how various actors contribute to and participate in the platform economy. Through a comprehensive examination of these livelihoods, Jarrett intends to tackle questions of fairness, security, and the quality of work within this burgeoning sector, framing the discussion around the future of labor in an increasingly digitized environment.

On the other hand, Associate Professor Barry Wardell’s EMRIWaveforms project is poised to make significant strides in the field of astrophysics. By developing precise models to detect and analyze gravitational waves, Wardell’s work aligns closely with the upcoming European Space Agency’s Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. Gravitational waves, which are ripples in the fabric of space-time produced during cataclysmic cosmic events, provide a novel means to explore the universe. This project is particularly crucial because it seeks to enhance our detection capabilities for extremely subtle signals emanating from extreme mass ratio inspirals—massive celestial phenomena involving supermassive black holes.

The implications of Wardell’s research extend far beyond the academic sphere; they hold the possibility of unlocking discoveries that have remained elusive since the groundbreaking detection of gravitational waves earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017. With the LISA mission set to probe the entirety of cosmic history through gravitational waves, the development of accurate signal models is not only timely but essential. Upon successful execution, this project could illuminate the deeper workings of our universe, enhance our comprehension of its evolution, and perhaps even reveal new physics beyond current models.

The ERC’s investment in both of these projects underlines its commitment to fuel exploratory research that addresses pressing global issues. This year’s allocation of a total of €721 million across 281 grant recipients showcases the breadth of talent and innovation within the European research community. The fabric of these grants is layered with the potential to create approximately 2,700 new jobs, indicative of the downstream effects on local economies and research institutions.

ERC President Maria Leptin commended the recipients, highlighting the intrinsic value of this pioneering research in facing social, economic, and environmental challenges. Her remarks poignantly reflect the underlying philosophy of funding such audacious projects, which often stem from the “original curiosity” of researchers eager to contribute meaningful knowledge to humanity. The grants are not only a financial boon but also a testament to the talent harnessed within European institutions, paving the way for future innovations.

The potential for these grants to enable transformative research has garnered attention from various sectors, including policymakers. Ekaterina Zaharieva, the European Commissioner for Startups, Research and Innovation, noted that supporting projects of this caliber is vital for bolstering Europe’s status as a global leader in research excellence. This initiative aims to reshape the landscape for scientific inquiry, encouraging top-tier scientists to establish their work in Europe and fostering an environment ripe for innovation.

In the larger context of UCD’s achievements, this latest success adds to the university’s impressive track record, bringing its total ERC frontier grants to 35 under the Horizon Europe Programme, which collectively amount to €73 million. This constitutes a striking 40% of the national total, underscoring UCD’s pivotal role in driving cutting-edge research forward in Ireland. As highlighted by Professor Kate Robson Brown, UCD’s Vice-President for Research, this accolade not only enhances the institution’s reputation but also symbolizes the significant investment in knowledge generation.

As Professor Jarrett and Associate Professor Wardell embark on their respective research journeys, the academic world watches closely. Their unique projects reflect the versatility and interconnectedness of modern research, with implications spanning from digital sociology to astrophysics. With their findings poised to make a lasting impact across various domains, these projects exemplify the essence of academic exploration—one that aspires not only to answer existing questions but to ignite curiosity and spark new lines of inquiry in fields yet uncharted.

While the challenges of funding and resource availability persist, the hope remains that more opportunities will come forth to support the vital work of scientists whose ideas, though groundbreaking, are often left without the financial backing required to bring them to fruition. The ERC’s grants signal a commitment to addressing this gap, ensuring that innovative and potentially revolutionary research continues to thrive in an environment fostering scientific excellence.

In conclusion, as the academic community stands at the tipping point of dynamic research initiatives like those led by Professors Jarrett and Wardell, the road ahead seems promising. The foundational knowledge produced through their projects has the potential to reshape our understanding of both societal structures and the celestial mechanics governing our universe. The curiosity of researchers, when supported, can lead to profound advancements that benefit humanity as a whole, solidifying the role of science as a catalyst for progress.

Subject of Research: Digital platforms and gravitational waves
Article Title: UCD Researchers Receive €5 Million ERC Grants for Groundbreaking Projects
News Publication Date: October 2023
Web References:
References:
Image Credits: Jason Clarke Photography

Keywords

Research, University College Dublin, ERC Advanced Grants, digital platforms, gravitational waves, scientific breakthroughs, Horizon Europe, astrophysics, labor economy, quantum research

The ERC Advanced Grants are highly competitive, offered to established researchers with proven records of substantial achievements. They support projects lasting up to five years, offering funding that can reach up to 2.5 million euros per project, along with additional support to facilitate equipment purchases, experimental endeavors, and relocation costs for scientists moving into the European Union. For ISTA, this latest funding tranche represents a quadruple success, with four professors—astrophysicist Zoltan Haiman, neuroscientist Peter Jonas, biophysicist Johann Danzl, and mathematician Tamás Hausel—each spearheading groundbreaking research at the forefront of scientific discovery.

Astrophysicist Zoltan Haiman’s project focuses on one of the most enigmatic phenomena of the cosmos: binary black hole systems. Although the existence of black holes has been accepted for decades, the intricate details of their interaction remain elusive. When two black holes come into close proximity, their mutual gravitational forces cause them to orbit each other, eventually spiraling inward until merging into a single, larger black hole. Haiman’s grant supports an ambitious portfolio of theoretical modeling and high-performance simulations designed to unpack the physics of these inspiraling binaries and the complex gravitational waves they emit. The project, aptly named Bright BHBs, aspires not only to improve the detection of such phenomena in astronomical survey data but also to interpret signals collected by cutting-edge gravitational wave observatories, including the planned space-based LISA mission.

Haiman’s research is especially timely given the upcoming decade’s observational advances. The LISA mission, designed to observe low-frequency gravitational waves from space, will significantly expand humanity’s ability to ‘listen’ to cosmic events. By simulating the electromagnetic and gravitational signatures of merging black holes, Haiman’s group aims to provide critical templates and theoretical frameworks necessary for identifying and deciphering these signals amid the noise of the universe. His arrival at ISTA in July marks a significant addition to the institute’s astrophysics community, further enriching its scientific ecosystem with his expertise honed over years at leading American institutions.

In the intricate world of cellular neuroscience, Peter Jonas embarks on an equally profound journey to elucidate the neural underpinnings of memory storage and recall. His CA3-SYNGRAM project targets one of the brain’s most essential mechanisms: the formation and retrieval of memory traces or “engrams.” Utilizing a multifaceted approach that integrates electrophysiology, structural biology, and in vivo neural recordings, Jonas aims to dissect the dynamic synaptic modifications occurring within the hippocampal CA3 network. This brain area is particularly pivotal in memory processing, and Jonas’s work promises to reveal the microscopic changes shaping cognitive functions at the cellular level.

The implications of understanding memory formation extend far beyond fundamental neuroscience, touching upon critical challenges in medicine. Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder profoundly disrupt memory capabilities, yet their pathophysiology at the cellular circuit level remains inadequately understood. Jonas’s insight into synaptic modifications could open avenues for targeted therapies designed to restore or compensate for impaired memory circuits. Remarkably, Jonas is now the first ISTA professor to receive three ERC Advanced Grants, highlighting both his individual research excellence and the institution’s supportive environment for sustained scientific inquiry.

Optical microscopy expert Johann Danzl channels the power of imaging technologies to expose the brain’s complex architecture in unprecedented detail. His project pioneers methodologies to overcome longstanding limitations in tissue imaging, where standard MRI and CT scans offer only coarse representations, and microscopic techniques traditionally force a trade-off between cellular resolution and molecular characterization. Danzl’s innovation, MOLCONN, seeks to unify anatomical and molecular maps by combining high-resolution imaging with molecular profiling. This integrative approach will enable researchers to track age-dependent changes in brain connectivity using model organisms like healthy mice, eventually bridging to human brain tissue analysis.

The collaboration with cutting-edge partners, including Google Research, underlines the computational and technological sophistication of Danzl’s pipeline, which integrates novel hardware and advanced data processing algorithms. By advancing the resolution and interpretative power of brain imaging, MOLCONN aspires to illuminate the neuronal circuitry and molecular landscapes underlying neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s. This disease affects roughly 1 in 100 people over 60 years old, and unveiling its complex pathology is vital for developing early diagnostic markers and effective interventions. Danzl’s work exemplifies the synergy between physics, medicine, and computer science in tackling the brain’s remaining mysteries.

In the abstract realm of pure mathematics, Tamás Hausel embarks on a mission to forge unifying connections among seemingly disparate fields: representation theory, topology, and mirror symmetry. His ECS Advanced Grant-backed ViaFiPoS project embraces a sophisticated mathematical concept—the use of fixed point schemes and ‘big algebras’—to create a novel three-way dictionary that translates concepts across these complex domains. This structural synthesis fosters communication between subfields that traditionally evolved in isolation, thereby unlocking new perspectives and techniques.

Hausel’s ambition does not stop within mathematics; his work also extends to foundational aspects of quantum physics, where symmetry principles underpin much of theoretical understanding. By applying the newly developed algebraic tools to mirror symmetry—a key notion linking geometric objects with their ‘mirror’ counterparts—Hausel aims to deepen insights into the symmetries governing quantum systems. The interplay between these disciplines is expected to yield breakthroughs with ripple effects across both theoretical physics and pure mathematics, reflecting the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of contemporary scientific challenges.

These groundbreaking projects epitomize ISTA’s extraordinary status within European research. Despite being a relatively young institution, inaugurated in 2009, ISTA’s ERC success rate defies norms, reaching nearly half of all submissions—a staggering figure when compared to the continent-wide average. This success is further illustrated by the proportions of ISTA faculty who have secured ERC frontier grants, with the majority celebrating at least one coveted award and several individuals—like Jonas—amassing multiple accolades. Such high success rates not only affirm ISTA’s rigorous selection and supportive research environment but also position the Institute as a nexus of scientific talent and innovation.

Through the ERC Advanced Grants, ISTA continues to push boundaries across vastly different scientific landscapes, from astrophysical phenomena millions of light-years away to the most intricate neural connections in the human brain, and the elegant abstractions of modern mathematics. The collaborative spirit and technological sophistication characterizing these projects highlight ISTA’s role in driving research that is not only theoretically profound but also holds immense transformative potential. As these studies unfold over the coming years, they promise to ignite new waves of understanding, inspire further inquiry, and influence science policy and research management in Europe and beyond.

With this robust influx of research funding, ISTA is poised to expand its scientific workforce, enhance critical infrastructures like advanced computing and imaging centers, and foster interdisciplinary ventures. These initiatives collectively contribute to Europe’s standing as a world leader in scientific research and innovation. ISTA’s remarkable grant achievements exemplify how strategic investment in talent and infrastructure can yield outsized scientific returns, setting a powerful precedent for emerging research institutions worldwide.

In summary, ISTA’s latest ERC-supported endeavors represent a confluence of exceptional individual brilliance and institutional excellence. Zoltan Haiman’s exploration of cosmic black hole mergers, Peter Jonas’s quest to unravel the engrams of memory, Johann Danzl’s pioneering brain imaging technologies, and Tamás Hausel’s ambitious unification of mathematical disciplines collectively showcase the scope and scale of contemporary scientific frontiers. Their collective work not only pushes the boundaries of knowledge within their respective fields but also exemplifies the interconnected nature of modern science, where breakthroughs are increasingly dependent on cross-disciplinary dialogue and innovation.

As these projects progress, their outcomes promise to enrich our comprehension of some of the most profound questions in science—ranging from the origins of massive cosmic structures and the fundamental encoding of memories within the brain, to the architecture of the brain’s molecular network and the deep symmetries underpinning mathematical and physical law. Through these efforts, ISTA reaffirms its commitment to scientific excellence and its pivotal role in shaping the future landscape of European research.

Subject of Research: Astrophysics, Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Pure Mathematics
Article Title: The Institute of Science and Technology Austria’s Quadruple ERC Triumph: Unveiling Black Holes, Memory Engrams, Brain Connectivity, and Mathematical Symmetry
News Publication Date: Not specified
Web References:
– https://ista.ac.at/en/research/haiman-group/
– https://ista.ac.at/en/research/jonas-group/
– https://ista.ac.at/en/research/danzl-group/
– https://ista.ac.at/en/research/hausel-group/
– https://lisa.nasa.gov/
– https://hausel.ista.ac.at/zoo-2/
– https://ista.ac.at/en/news/erc-advanced-grants-for-tom-henzinger-and-peter-jonas/

Image Credits: © ISTA | Magic Lemur Productions

Keywords: Research funding, Astrophysics, Black holes, Neuroscience, Hippocampus, Neuroimaging, Mathematics, Algebra

These ERC Advanced Grants represent among the most rigorous and selective funding opportunities available in Europe today, specifically designed to empower leading thinkers who operate at the edges of scientific knowledge. The recipients from the Hebrew University exemplify this spirit of pioneering inquiry through their groundbreaking work spanning quantum computing, neuroscience, and pure mathematics. Their successful grant awards are a testimony not only to their individual achievements but also to the institution’s collective commitment to fostering cutting-edge research and innovation.

Prof. Israel Nelken’s project, based at the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences and the Silberman Institute for Life Sciences, dives deep into the mysteries of auditory continual learning at the cellular and network levels. Despite decades of research into synaptic plasticity revealing much about how memory formation occurs in neural circuits, a lingering paradox remains unresolved: organisms display both remarkable stability in memory retention and the ability to incorporate new information continuously, yet many computational models fail to account for this dual capacity. Nelken’s research aspires to dissect this puzzle by examining how memories are maintained or altered in the behaving rat during periods of intense auditory learning and high memory load—a domain scarcely explored in animal models. This innovative approach challenges prevailing theories and aims to identify the fundamental principles that enable the brain to balance memory stability with the flexibility demanded by lifelong learning.

Turning to the realm of pure mathematics, Prof. Tamar Ziegler’s work epitomizes the fusion of abstract theory with longstanding mathematical conundrums. Holding the Henry and Manya Noskwith Chair in Mathematics at the Einstein Institute of Mathematics, Ziegler’s research exploits sophisticated techniques from ergodic theory and dynamics to tackle profound problems in additive number theory and algebraic geometry. Her prior accomplishments include leveraging dynamics on nilmanifolds to prove advanced Hardy–Littlewood-type estimates, which pertain to the distribution of prime solutions to complex systems of linear equations. Ziegler’s current research probes frontier questions that lie at the confluence of dynamics, number theory, and combinatorics. Moreover, she is pioneering the elucidation of new relationships between stability phenomena in algebraic geometry and dynamic systems, potentially unlocking new vistas in mathematical understanding and methodological synthesis.

Meanwhile, in the cutting-edge field of quantum computing, Prof. Dorit Aharonov is spearheading efforts to redefine the theoretical foundations of quantum information processing in the presence of noise and error. Situated within the School of Engineering and Computer Science, her research addresses two paramount obstacles confronting quantum computing today. From a computer science perspective, Aharonov seeks to expand the repertoire of quantum algorithms by crafting novel algorithmic techniques capable of vastly broadening the scope and efficiency of quantum speed-ups beyond the limited catalog currently known. Simultaneously, from the physics standpoint, her work confronts the pervasive challenge of noise in quantum hardware, which threatens to undermine computational fidelity. By developing a comprehensive theory of quantum complexity that inherently incorporates noise, she aims to transform errors from debilitating hindrances into exploitable resources—reimagining noisy quantum systems as fertile grounds for algorithmic innovation rather than liabilities. This dual-pronged approach promises to elevate our understanding of quantum computational power under realistic conditions and accelerate progress toward practical quantum technologies.

The trio’s achievements resonate profoundly with the ethos of scientific perseverance and intellectual courage, especially in an era where the landscape of research is both increasingly competitive and essential to tackling the complex challenges facing humanity. Prof. Tamir Sheafer, Rector of the Hebrew University, lauded the honorees as embodiments of the university’s excellence, emphasizing that their success on the international stage reflects the dynamic and pioneering spirit that courses through the institution’s academic fabric. Their groundbreaking contributions not only push disciplinary boundaries but also affirm the university’s status as a global hub for high-impact research.

The awarded projects collectively flourish at the intersection of theoretical depth and practical relevance. Nelken’s investigations into neural plasticity promise to elucidate mechanisms underlying memory and learning, with potential implications for neurodegenerative disease understanding and artificial intelligence. Ziegler’s mathematical breakthroughs may inform cryptography, algorithm design, and even theoretical physics, while Aharonov’s advances in quantum algorithmics and noise-resilient computation are essential for realizing the next generation of quantum devices, which could revolutionize fields as varied as materials science, optimization, and secure communications.

Moreover, these endeavors exemplify the interdisciplinary synergy that characterizes modern scientific inquiry. The integration of neuroscience data, mathematical rigor, and quantum theory highlights how cross-pollination between fields can foster novel insights beyond traditional disciplinary confines. This aligns with the broader vision of the ERC and the Horizon Europe programme, designed to catalyze high-risk, high-reward research that dares to rethink foundational assumptions.

As the scientific community eagerly anticipates the outputs of these projects, the recognition afforded by the ERC Advanced Grants not only provides substantial financial backing but also an invaluable platform for increased international collaboration, visibility, and impact. Such support is instrumental in attracting talented researchers and fostering environments where transformative ideas may flourish.

In sum, the recognition of Professors Aharonov, Nelken, and Ziegler by the ERC elevates their visionary research endeavors to new heights. Their work embodies the relentless pursuit of knowledge, addressing some of the most intricate and profound questions in science and mathematics. By tackling challenges ranging from the stability of memory representations in the brain, the deep structures governing prime number distributions, to the complexities of quantum computations amid noise, these scholars are charting pathways that promise to redefine their fields and inspire generations to come.

This milestone also serves as an inspiring reminder of the vital importance of sustained investment in fundamental research. It underscores how universities like Hebrew University of Jerusalem serve as crucibles for innovation, driven by talented individuals whose ideas ripple outward to transform technology, theory, and society at large. At a time when global challenges demand bold scientific solutions, the university’s triumphant ERC success stories illuminate the enduring power of curiosity, rigor, and resilience.

In recognition of these accomplishments, the scientific world watches closely as these projects unfold, anticipating discoveries that will deepen our understanding of the natural world, expand the limits of computation, and intertwine disparate mathematical realms into coherent frameworks. Their success is not only a triumph for themselves and their home institution but also a beacon for international science, shining a light on the extraordinary potentials unlocked when brilliance meets opportunity.

Subject of Research: Auditory continual learning and memory stability in neuroscience; dynamics and additive number theory in mathematics; quantum computing algorithms and quantum complexity under noise.

Article Title: Hebrew University of Jerusalem Researchers Awarded ERC Advanced Grants for Transformative Work in Neuroscience, Mathematics, and Quantum Computing

News Publication Date: [Not provided]

Web References: https://mediasvc.eurekalert.org/Api/v1/Multimedia/7e46a523-868b-48fb-8c4f-1b42954f74cd/Rendition/low-res/Content/Public

Image Credits: Maxim Dinstein

Keywords: Computer Science, Mathematics, Neuroscience