The findings, published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology, suggest that resilience and sustainability can no longer be treated as separate design goals. Buildings account for more than a third of global greenhouse gas emissions when construction, operation and related activities are considered. Yet the environmental calculations used to guide design and certification may overlook what happens when a structure is damaged, evacuated or forced to shut down. A building that appears efficient on the day it opens could generate a much larger carbon burden if it becomes unusable after a storm and requires months of repairs, temporary replacement services and energy-intensive reconstruction.

Fernanda Cruz Rios, PhD, an assistant professor in Drexel University’s Howley College of Engineering and Computing, reached this conclusion after conducting a systematic review of 40 studies examining building resilience through life cycle assessment. The studies addressed four major threats: seismic activity, extreme heat, flooding and wind. Life cycle assessment is designed to follow environmental impacts across a product or system’s entire existence. For a building, that can include extracting raw materials, manufacturing steel and cement, transporting components, constructing the structure, supplying electricity and water, maintaining equipment and eventually replacing or demolishing the building. Cruz Rios found that although all of the reviewed studies discussed resilience in some form, most did not quantify the environmental consequences of losing functionality.

That omission is important because resilience is not simply a matter of whether a building collapses. A structure can remain standing yet become unusable if its electrical systems fail, indoor temperatures become unsafe, water enters occupied areas or essential equipment is damaged. A hospital, school or apartment complex may be structurally intact while still being unable to serve its occupants. The review found that many assessments did not measure the materials, energy and infrastructure required to make a building more robust in advance, such as stronger structural components, elevated mechanical systems, flood-resistant interiors, redundant power supplies or backup water systems. They also frequently omitted the time and resources required to return the building to normal operation after an extreme event.

Cruz Rios’s proposed framework addresses this gap by treating functionality over time as a central part of environmental performance. Instead of producing a single carbon estimate based largely on normal operation, the approach follows how a building performs before, during and after a disruptive event. It can account for the additional emissions associated with reinforcing walls, installing backup generators, adding redundant heating and cooling equipment or selecting interior finishes that can be rapidly removed and replaced after flooding. It can also calculate the environmental consequences of downtime, including emergency fuel, temporary shelter, evacuation transportation, replacement medical facilities and other compensatory services needed while the damaged building is unavailable.

The framework also recognizes that a resilience measure may have an environmental cost at the beginning but produce a larger benefit later. A reinforced concrete wall, for example, requires additional material and may increase emissions during construction. A generator or battery system requires manufacturing, maintenance and eventual replacement. However, if those measures prevent severe damage during an earthquake or storm, they may eliminate the need for extensive demolition, reconstruction and the manufacture of replacement materials. A flood-resistant interior design could similarly avoid the carbon emissions associated with gutting walls, replacing flooring and discarding damaged furnishings. In this calculation, the environmental impact avoided through resilience becomes part of the building’s performance rather than remaining invisible.

The difference could be especially significant for critical facilities. Two hospitals may receive nearly identical environmental scores when assessed under conventional methods, even if one is designed to continue operating during a disaster and the other is not. If the less resilient hospital closes for several months after a storm, the community may need temporary treatment centers, emergency generators, fuel deliveries and transportation systems for patients and staff. The damaged facility may also require extensive reconstruction. A hospital designed to remain functional could consume more resources during construction, yet avoid many of those later impacts. Without accounting for operational continuity, conventional life cycle assessment can make the two buildings appear environmentally equivalent despite their radically different real-world consequences.

The research does not propose abandoning current assessment methods. Instead, it presents resilience-related modules that could be added to the life cycle analyses designers already use. The modules could compare the environmental cost of preparing for a specific hazard with the projected cost of doing nothing, while also considering the probability, severity and duration of disruption. This would allow designers to evaluate whether a particular intervention produces a net environmental benefit over the building’s expected lifetime. The model can also incorporate improvements made after an event, recognizing that repairs may either restore the previous level of vulnerability or create a more durable structure capable of withstanding future hazards.

Such an approach could change how buildings are rated, financed and regulated. Environmental certification programs, including Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, the National Green Building Standard and Green Globes, are widely used to reward lower-impact construction and may influence access to tax incentives. If resilience were formally integrated into these systems, designers could receive credit for measures that reduce future damage and downtime rather than being judged primarily on upfront materials and routine energy performance. The result could be a broader definition of sustainable construction—one that treats durability, recoverability and continued public service as environmental assets. As extreme weather intensifies, the review argues, a building’s true carbon footprint will depend not only on how efficiently it operates under normal conditions, but on how much society must spend in resources and emissions when normal conditions disappear.

Subject of Research: Building resilience within life cycle assessment and the environmental impacts of extreme-weather-related damage, downtime and recovery.

Article Title: Resilience in building life cycle assessment: a critical review and framework for time-integrated functionality

Web References: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/building-materials-and-climate-constructing-new-future; https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/; https://www.aia.org/resource-center/building-life-cycle-assessment-practice; https://drexel.edu/engineering-computing; https://drexel.edu/engineering/about/faculty-staff/C/cruz-rios-fernanda/

References: Journal of Industrial Ecology, DOI: 10.1007/s44498-026-00152-7

Keywords: Environmental impact assessment, building construction, architecture, construction materials, carbon debt, extreme weather events, building resilience, life cycle assessment, climate adaptation, sustainable design

Living absorptive structures, as proposed by the researchers, refer to constructions made from materials that not only serve as shelters but also actively participate in the ecological processes surrounding them. These structures would integrate living organisms, such as plants and microorganisms, into their design, thereby allowing them to absorb pollutants, produce oxygen, and even adapt to changing environmental conditions. This innovative approach could lead to a paradigm shift in architecture and urban planning, as structures become active participants in their ecosystems, rather than inert components.

A striking feature of this research is the notion of self-sustainability that living absorptive structures could offer. By utilizing biological systems, these structures could potentially generate their own energy, recycle waste, and purify air and water within urban environments. For instance, bioengineered materials infused with algae could help in oxygen production or carbon dioxide absorption, while other organisms could work to break down harmful pollutants. This synergy between human-made infrastructure and biological life creates a compelling case for the future of environmentally friendly construction.

The team’s study delves into various methodologies for integrating living trees and vegetation into physical structures, harnessing their natural abilities for absorption and growth. Utilizing concepts from bio-mimicry, the researchers aim to replicate nature’s efficiencies and sustainability methods in human architecture. This biomimetic approach emphasizes nature’s inherent wisdom, enabling architects and builders to devise strategies that not only minimize negative environmental impacts but also contribute positively to the surrounding ecosystem.

Moreover, the interdisciplinary nature of the research brings together insights from biology, architecture, and materials science. By bridging these fields, the authors carve out a comprehensive framework for understanding how living materials can be engineered for structural applications. This unity of disciplines promotes a holistic view of construction, encouraging collaboration among scientists, architects, and urban planners to innovate sustainably.

As it stands, the potential applications for these living absorptive structures are vast. From urban skyscrapers designed to combat urban heat islands to rural buildings that fortify local biodiversity, the versatility of such systems offers creative solutions tailored to specific environmental challenges. Moreover, in the aftermath of natural disasters, these structures could adapt dynamically, reinforcing their resilience and ability to protect human lives.

The prospect of deploying living materials in various construction projects engenders excitement for the role of technology, particularly in the evolution of smart buildings. Smart technology could be integrated into living structures, allowing for real-time monitoring of environmental conditions and optimizing the health of both occupants and the biological systems around them. This innovative fusion beckons a new era in which buildings can respond instantaneously to environmental cues.

Building on this, the research emphasizes the potential socio-economic benefits of living absorptive structures. By reducing the energy intensity required for heating and cooling, and purifying the air and water, these structures could save cities money on utilities while simultaneously enhancing the livability of urban spaces. Additionally, the biophilic design principles embedded within such structures could promote well-being among inhabitants, as access to nature has been shown to reduce stress and improve mental health.

However, the journey towards realizing these living absorptive structures does not come without challenges. The interaction between living materials and conventional construction methods poses significant hurdles regarding durability, maintenance, and integration with existing infrastructure. The authors note the importance of ongoing research to address these issues, ensuring that the benefits of living absorptive structures can be realized without compromising functionality or safety.

Furthermore, regulatory frameworks surrounding building codes and land use may require reevaluation as communities embrace such new concepts. It is essential that policymakers understand and facilitate the integration of living materials in the built environment, driving forward a sustainable agenda that embraces innovation while ensuring safety and compliance.

The researchers’ vision for living absorptive structures aligns with the goals of circular economy practices, where waste is minimized, and resources are reused. By creating buildings that can contribute to the cycle of life rather than detract from it, society can pave the path toward more sustainable urban ecosystems.

In conclusion, the pursuit of developing living absorptive structures heralds a new chapter in the fusion of biology and architecture. As we stand at the precipice of an ecological crisis, the need for adaptive and resilient solutions has never been more urgent. The findings of Ribeiro, Righi, and do Couto lay a tantalizing groundwork for future research that could usher in a generation of structures as dynamic participants in the natural world, effectively contributing to a healthier planet for future generations.

In embracing this vision, we are reminded of the powerful relationship that exists between humanity and nature, one that has the potential to inspire innovation and cultivate a sustainable future. This dialogue ignites a future in which builders and biologists work together, transcending traditional boundaries to create environments that are not just built but are alive, breathing, and harmonized with the ecosystems surrounding them.

Subject of Research: Living absorptive structures and their role in sustainable construction.

Article Title: Towards the development of living absorptive structures.

Article References:

Ribeiro, G.d., Righi, C.A. & do Couto, H.T.Z. Towards the development of living absorptive structures.
Discov. For. 1, 25 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44415-025-00024-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI:

Keywords: Living architecture, bio-inspired design, sustainable materials, eco-friendly constructions, urban resilience.

A team of researchers, led by the innovative mind of Associate Professor Yonghan Ahn from the School of Architecture & Architectural Engineering at Hanyang University ERICA, has taken monumental strides in addressing these challenges. Their groundbreaking work revolves around a digital twin (DT)-based framework specifically designed for the facility management of RMB projects. In essence, digital twin technology encapsulates a digital replica of physical assets, seamlessly integrating real-time data analytics and predictive modeling to improve decision-making processes. As Prof. Ahn elaborates, while the application of digital twins is gaining traction across various sectors, its potential in modular construction remains largely untapped.

The newly developed Digital Twin-Enabled Facility Management System (DT-FMS) provides an innovative approach to the management of RMBs. Central to this system is its capacity to aggregate and analyze data from several sources, including building information modeling (BIM), the Internet of Things (IoT), and geographic information systems (GIS). Each of these technologies offers unique advantages that, when combined, facilitate a comprehensive virtual representation of relocatable modular structures. The BIM aspect provides sophisticated three-dimensional models enriched with extensive building information, thus laying the foundation for intricate planning and visualization. Meanwhile, IoT introduces real-time sensor data, enriching the framework with instantaneous insights into the operational status of the building components.

Equally important, GIS contributes critical geographic insights, which not only enhance the logistics management of modular units but also empower location-based decision-making. This can be particularly invaluable when planning the relocation of modular buildings to suit changing requirements or community needs. The interplay of these technologies constitutes a transformative advancement in how facility management is approached throughout the lifecycle of modular buildings.

The framework outlined by the research team consists of three core layers: physical, digital, and service. The physical layer is crucial for enabling real-time tracking and facilitating interactions among various physical entities, such as resources, modular units, and personnel including engineers and project stakeholders. This layer essentially creates a connected environment where data flows seamlessly, ensuring decisions can be made based on current and accurate information. In tandem, the digital layer integrates advanced modeling tools, robust data analytics, and unified data management practices, providing a coherent framework for understanding and improving building performance.

The service layer of this DT-FMS enables users to engage with the digital twin effectively. This interactive platform allows stakeholders to monitor building performance, control operations, and facilitate informed decision-making processes essential for optimizing the operational efficacy of relocatable modular units. For instance, through this system, building managers can execute logistics simulations that anticipate future scenarios, thus preemptively addressing potential challenges in managing the operational lifecycle of the buildings.

The practical application of the DT-FMS framework was showcased through a compelling case study conducted on a relocatable modular school system in South Korea. This case study vividly captured the enhancements in decision-making regarding module distribution and reuse, thereby exemplifying the direct benefits of the framework in improving management efficiency in real-world scenarios. The integration of cutting-edge technology in this context demonstrated how digital twins can provide transformative solutions that are not only efficient but also environmentally conscious.

A significant aspect of this research is its alignment with principles of the circular economy. By advocating for practices of reuse, reconfiguration, and optimal relocation of modular units, the implementation of digital twin technology has the potential to minimize waste in construction projects substantially. This paradigm shift promotes sustainability by ensuring that resources are utilized efficiently and that the lifecycle of construction materials is extended, ultimately maximizing value across recurring project cycles.

In light of this innovative framework, the implications for future construction practices are profound. As urban environments continue to evolve, the demand for adaptable, resilient, and sustainable building solutions will only intensify. The DT-FMS provides a roadmap for integrating advanced technologies into construction and facility management practices, which is imperative for meeting the needs of modern societies. The findings of this research signal a pivotal moment in modular construction, illustrating how the principles of digital twin technology can be harnessed to redefine traditional management approaches in a rapidly changing built environment.

The research team, including significant contributions from Dr. Dennis Nguyen of Hanyang University ERICA, believes that this framework is poised to reshape the construction industry, encouraging researchers and practitioners alike to explore further applications of digital twins in various sectors. Given the advantages that come with integrating digital technologies in construction practices, it is anticipated that the uptake of such systems will gain momentum, fostering innovations that transcend the limitations of current methodologies.

In summary, the development of a digital twin framework tailored for the management of relocatable modular buildings represents a significant milestone in modern construction. By leveraging real-time data analytics, predictive modeling, and integrated decision-making tools, this framework not only addresses the logistical challenges inherent in modular construction but also sets the stage for a more sustainable future in building practices. As the forms of urban living continue to evolve, so too must our approaches to construction—ensuring they are sustainable, efficient, and adaptable to the needs of our growing populations.

Subject of Research: Digital twin framework for relocatable modular buildings
Article Title: Digital twin framework to enhance facility management for relocatable modular buildings
News Publication Date: 1-Aug-2025
Web References: Automation in Construction
References: DOI: 10.1016/j.autcon.2025.106249
Image Credits: Yonghan Ahn from Hanyang University ERICA

Keywords

Relocatable modular buildings, Digital twin technology, Facility management, Building information modeling, Internet of Things, Geographic information systems, Sustainability, Urban planning, Modular construction, Circular economy, Decision-making, Logistics management.