Ammonia plays an indispensable role in agriculture and industry, underpinning the manufacture of fertilizers critical to global food security. However, the Haber–Bosch process, which has been the cornerstone of industrial ammonia production for over a century, demands high temperatures and pressures, consuming vast amounts of fossil fuels and releasing copious greenhouse gases. The urgency to find cleaner, less energy-intensive methods has directed scientific attention toward alternative catalytic mechanisms, and the current study harnesses the transformative power of light to this end.

At the heart of this research lies the use of AuRu alloy nanoparticles designed with tunable compositions to optimize their catalytic efficacy. The unique plasmonic properties of gold facilitate intense light absorption and concentration, effectively channeling energy to the ruthenium sites where nitrogen activation occurs. This synergy enables the catalytic assembly to operate under much milder conditions than those required by conventional thermal activation, thus drastically lowering the energy input.

The synthesis rates achieved by these plasmonic AuRu catalysts reach approximately 60 micromoles of ammonia per gram of catalyst bed per hour. While modest compared to industrial scales, this rate represents a significant breakthrough given the benign reaction conditions: ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. This development could potentially herald a future where ammonia production is decentralized and powered by renewable energy sources, dramatically reducing the carbon footprint of fertilizer manufacture.

In situ infrared spectroscopy was employed to probe the mechanistic underpinnings of this light-driven process. The spectroscopic data revealed that when illuminated, the AuRu catalysts accelerate hydrogenation steps of nitrogen-containing intermediates more effectively than under purely thermal conditions. This crucial observation underscores the distinctive pathways enabled by photo-excited electrons, differing fundamentally from the high-temperature pathways that dominate traditional Haber–Bosch catalysis.

Delving deeper, computational modeling illuminated the atomic-scale processes facilitated by plasmonic excitation. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that nitrogen activation requires cleavage of the robust N≡N triple bond prior to hydrogenation, the model suggests a more associative mechanism. Here, photo-excited electrons selectively activate nitrogen intermediates through successive hydrogenation steps without immediate nitrogen-nitrogen bond breaking. This pathway is reminiscent of the biological nitrogen fixation employed by nitrogenase enzymes in nature, offering a biomimetic pathway suited for synthetic catalytic systems.

A remarkable synergy emerges between light and molecular hydrogen, which together surmount the formidable energy barrier associated with nitrogen activation. Neither light nor hydrogen alone suffices to initiate ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions, highlighting the necessity of this collaborative dynamic. Such a tandem mechanism exemplifies how plasmonic photochemistry can unlock reaction pathways that circumvent traditional thermodynamic constraints, opening new frontiers in catalytic design.

The AuRu bimetallic catalyst platform also facilitates efficient desorption of nitrogen species, ensuring that reaction intermediates do not poison the catalytic surface – a common bottleneck in ammonia synthesis. This enhanced desorption capability contributes to sustained catalytic activity and improved turnover rates, signaling the practicality of this approach for longer-term operations.

Importantly, the utilization of visible light as an energy input source aligns with broader sustainability goals. Given the extensive availability of sunlight and advances in photonic materials, this discovery paves the way for ammonia synthesis driven by renewable energy. Consequently, distributed and decentralized ammonia production facilities could become a viable alternative to today’s centralized Haber–Bosch plants, thereby reducing transportation and infrastructure energy costs.

The implications of this work transcend ammonia synthesis alone, positioning plasmonic catalysis as a versatile tool in the broader landscape of chemical manufacturing. By demonstrating that light-mediated processes can facilitate challenging chemical transformations at mild conditions, this research renews interest in solar-to-chemical energy conversion technologies. Such technologies hold promise not only for fertilizers but also for a wide array of chemicals traditionally reliant on intensive thermal processes.

The marriage of experimental observation with advanced computational insight is a particular strength of this study, presenting a compelling narrative from macroscopic catalytic performance down to electronic dynamics at the nanoscale. This multidisciplinary approach exemplifies how complex energy landscapes in catalysis can be navigated with precision, enabling rational design of next-generation catalysts tailored for solar-driven chemistry.

Looking forward, further work is anticipated to optimize the catalyst composition and nanostructure to enhance ammonia production rates and robustness. Efforts to couple these plasmonic systems with light-harvesting devices or to integrate them in modular reactors powered by natural sunlight will be critical steps toward scalable implementation. Additionally, expanding the principles demonstrated here to other difficult chemical conversions could revolutionize the chemical industry’s sustainability footprint.

In summary, this pioneering study from Yuan and colleagues heralds a paradigm shift in ammonia synthesis by harnessing plasmonic light concentration and photochemical hydrogenation on AuRu catalysts. Operating at ambient conditions and using visible light, the process offers a sustainable and energy-efficient alternative to the century-old Haber–Bosch method. Beyond its immediate environmental benefits, this advancement spotlights the transformative potential of plasmonic catalysis in building a greener chemical future, inspiring new research at the intersection of materials science, photonics, and catalysis.

Given the monumental challenge of meeting global fertilizer demand while combating climate change, innovations like this could not be timelier. By mimicking nature’s enzymatic finesse and reimagining catalysis through light-driven pathways, the researchers have opened a promising avenue toward decarbonizing a vital industrial process. As scientific and engineering communities rally around such breakthroughs, the prospect of sustainable ammonia production inches closer from visionary concept to tangible reality.

Subject of Research:
Atmospheric-pressure ammonia synthesis using plasmonic gold-ruthenium catalysts activated by visible light.

Article Title:
Atmospheric-pressure ammonia synthesis on AuRu catalysts enabled by plasmon-controlled hydrogenation and nitrogen-species desorption.

Article References:
Yuan, L., Bourgeois, B.B., Begin, E. et al. Atmospheric-pressure ammonia synthesis on AuRu catalysts enabled by plasmon-controlled hydrogenation and nitrogen-species desorption. Nat Energy (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01911-9

Image Credits:
AI Generated

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01911-9

The conventional Haber-Bosch process, developed over a century ago, requires extreme conditions—temperatures exceeding 400°C and pressures more than 200 times that of Earth’s atmosphere—to convert atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia. These harsh operational parameters demand enormous energy input, generally derived from fossil fuels, thereby entrenching ammonia production as a significant emitter of greenhouse gases. In an earlier breakthrough in 2021, the UNSW team demonstrated a novel method to synthesize ammonia using only air, water, and renewable energy sources, operating at ambient temperatures roughly equivalent to a warm summer day. While pioneering, this first proof-of-concept left ample room for process optimization and efficiency gains.

The central challenge that Dr. Ali Jalili and his colleagues faced was increasing the yield and energy efficiency of green ammonia production. Central to this was the identification of an optimal catalyst—a substance that accelerates the ammonia-forming chemical reaction without being consumed. Previous research suggested that 13 different metals possessed individual properties conducive to facets of the reaction, such as nitrogen or hydrogen absorption. Yet, the combination potential among these metals resulted in over 8,000 possible alloys, making experimental testing of each combination an impractical endeavor.

To circumvent this challenge, the UNSW team leveraged machine learning algorithms capable of analyzing the chemical behaviors of each metal and predicting synergistic combinations most likely to deliver superior catalytic performance. By training the AI with data derived from theoretical and experimental sources, the system shortlisted only 28 promising multi-metal catalysts for laboratory validation, thereby condensing thousands of potential experiments into a highly efficient and targeted testing regime. This approach drastically reduced both time and resource expenditure while maximizing the likelihood of discovering a superior catalyst.

The results exceeded all expectations. A novel five-metal alloy composed of iron, bismuth, nickel, tin, and zinc emerged as the most effective catalyst. This sophisticated high-entropy metal alloy facilitated a sevenfold increase in ammonia production rates relative to previous attempts. Moreover, the process exhibited nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency, a key metric indicating that virtually all electrical energy input was utilized to produce ammonia, with negligible wastage. Such efficiency gains herald a new era in which green ammonia production can be economically competitive with conventional Haber-Bosch methodologies.

Crucially, this green ammonia synthesis functions at an ambient temperature of approximately 25°C, less than one-tenth the temperature required by traditional industrial processes. The implications of this low-temperature operation are profound: reaction vessels and industrial infrastructure can be downsized, safety concerns related to high-pressure operation are mitigated, and the overall energy footprint is drastically reduced. These characteristics empower scalable and decentralized ammonia production, breaking away from the century-old paradigm of massive centralized industrial complexes.

Dr. Jalili envisions a near future where farmers no longer depend on large-scale manufacturing and complex supply chains to obtain ammonia fertilisers. Instead, modular, factory-built compact units—approximately the size of shipping containers—can be deployed directly on farms or in local communities. These plug-and-play systems integrate the AI-optimized catalyst with plasma generators and electrolysers, enabling onsite ammonia generation with minimal energy and capital investment. Such decentralization promises to eliminate transportation emissions, reduce costs, and bolster energy resilience within agricultural sectors worldwide.

Beyond fertiliser production, this innovation holds transformative potential for the burgeoning hydrogen economy. Ammonia, owing to its high hydrogen content and ease of liquefaction at ambient pressure, serves as a superior hydrogen carrier compared to liquid hydrogen itself. This property positions green ammonia as an ideal medium for renewable energy storage and transport, bridging current gaps in hydrogen infrastructure and economics. The ability to produce ammonia efficiently and sustainably thus opens new pathways for decarbonizing heavy industry, transportation, and energy storage systems.

The research team is actively deploying these AI-engineered catalysts within distributed ammonia modules, accelerating commercial uptake and cost-competitiveness. Their work, published in the prestigious journal Small, elucidates the catalyst’s molecular configuration and performance metrics, paving the way for further refinements and applications. Supported by the Australian Research Council and the ARC Discovery Early Career Research Award, the project exemplifies the convergence of artificial intelligence, materials science, and green chemistry to drive industrial sustainability.

As the world grapples with the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this breakthrough signals a paradigm shift in one of the planet’s most carbon-intensive industries. By integrating cutting-edge computational tools with innovative chemistry, the UNSW Sydney researchers have provided a blueprint for transforming ammonia from a pollutant-intensive product into a pillar of sustainable agriculture and clean energy. The future of green ammonia promises to be not only more environmentally responsible but also more accessible, affordable, and adaptive to the dynamic needs of global food and energy systems.

Subject of Research: Not applicable

Article Title: Configuring a Liquid State High-Entropy Metal Alloy Electrocatalyst

News Publication Date: 17-Jun-2025

Web References:

• UNSW news article on eco-friendly ammonia
• Article DOI: 10.1002/smll.202504087
• Haber-Bosch method – Wikipedia

References:
Ali Jalili et al., "Configuring a Liquid State High-Entropy Metal Alloy Electrocatalyst," Small, 2025. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202504087

Image Credits: Not provided

Keywords: Ammonia, Green chemistry, Industrial chemistry, Sustainable agriculture, Renewable energy, Hydrogen fuel, Artificial intelligence, Catalysis

Ammonia, an indispensable compound for fertilizer production and various industrial processes, is currently produced at an enormous scale—nearly 200 million tons annually across the globe. However, this widespread synthesis comes with a substantial environmental cost: it consumes about 2% of the world’s total energy and generates commensurate carbon dioxide emissions. This unsustainable energy demand has driven chemists and engineers for decades to design cleaner, more energy-efficient pathways to produce ammonia. The University of Tokyo team’s breakthrough introduces an artificial photosynthetic system that emulates nature’s elegant strategies for nitrogen fixation, potentially transforming industrial practices.

The newly developed system utilizes visible light energy to power the reaction, representing a major departure from conventional methods that rely on high temperature and pressure. Central to this approach are two distinct molecular catalysts: one based on molybdenum, a transition metal known for its role in natural nitrogenase enzymes, and the other using iridium, which facilitates the photochemical activation of water and tertiary phosphines. By orchestrating these catalysts together under sunlight, the reaction effectively converts dinitrogen (N₂) and water (H₂O) into ammonia (NH₃) and oxygen, closing a vital chemical cycle with minimal energy input.

Professor Nishibayashi explained the underlying mechanics of the photocatalytic process: “Upon sunlight absorption, the iridium catalyst achieves an excited state that oxidizes tertiary phosphines. These phosphines, in turn, bond to water molecules, extracting protons through a carefully controlled chemical interaction.” This delicate proton generation is critical because ammonia synthesis requires a source of protons to reduce atmospheric nitrogen. “Then, the molybdenum catalyst facilitates the nitrogen activation, enabling it to combine with these protons and form ammonia,” he added. This mechanistic dance mimics the natural biological nitrogen fixation occurring in symbiotic bacteria associated with plants.

Beyond the elegant design of catalysts, the production scale achieved in this study is particularly remarkable. The reaction was successfully carried out at a volume approximately ten times larger than prior experiments of its kind, signaling readiness for further scaling toward practical applications. However, challenges remain that must be addressed to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Specifically, the tertiary phosphines used in the process, while stable, possess potential toxicity risks if improperly handled or ingested. The research team is exploring ways to manufacture these organic compounds using solar energy or recycle them from phosphine oxides, striving to close the material loop and minimize environmental hazards.

This discovery also symbolizes the successful translation of a fundamental biological process into an artificial system. In natural ecosystems, ammonia is produced through biological nitrogen fixation conducted by nitrogenase enzymes in certain bacteria, which work symbiotically with plants. This reaction is intricately linked to photosynthesis, which supplies the electrons and protons necessary for the conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia. The University of Tokyo’s system replicates this concept, using sunlight as the energy source and water as the proton donor, achieving what can be thought of as “artificial photosynthesis” of ammonia at a molecular level.

Technically speaking, the use of visible light rather than ultraviolet opens up new avenues for practical energy harvesting and reaction efficiency. The iridium photocatalyst’s absorption of visible wavelengths permits it to operate under sunlight conditions more akin to real-world settings, circumventing the energy limitations of previous systems reliant on more high-energy wavelengths. This not only enhances the energy efficiency of ammonia synthesis but also bolsters the prospect of integrating such a system into existing solar fuel technologies.

The dual catalyst mechanism is particularly ingenious, as it tackles two chemical obstacles simultaneously. While molybdenum excels at cleaving the notoriously strong bond in atmospheric nitrogen—one of the hardest chemical bonds to break—the iridium complex addresses the challenge of water activation, a necessary step for proton and hydrogen atom generation. The tertiary phosphines bridge these processes, mediating electron transfer and facilitating bond formation between phosphorus and water molecules to liberate protons. This advanced orchestration allows for a highly selective and efficient pathway to ammonia, outperforming prior attempts using similar photocatalytic methods.

From an industrial perspective, the implications of this technology stretch far beyond just cleaner ammonia production. The process’s reduced energy requirements hint at a future where decentralized, small-scale ammonia factories could operate remotely or even on farms, reducing transportation emissions and input costs. Moreover, because ammonia is not only a fertilizer feedstock but also a potential fuel carrier and hydrogen storage medium, efficiently producing ammonia using sunlight and abundant resources like air and water could open a suite of clean energy applications.

Despite the excitement, the research team is mindful of scaling hurdles. The exact lifecycle impacts of the catalysts, particularly the long-term stability and recyclability of iridium and molybdenum complexes, warrant further investigation. Additionally, securing a safe handling protocol for tertiary phosphines and developing sustainable synthetic routes remain high priorities. Addressing these issues will be necessary to transition this technology from laboratory success to practical, commercial deployment.

The findings, published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, represent a milestone in sustainable chemistry. By demonstrating that photocatalytic ammonia synthesis using atmospheric dinitrogen and water is achievable with visible light and dual catalysts, this research ushers in a new era of green chemistry. As the world seeks to decarbonize and meet increasing fertilizer demands to support a growing population, such innovative routes for ammonia production could become vital tools in global environmental stewardship.

The University of Tokyo team’s work continues to deepen our understanding of how molecular catalysts can be designed and combined to harness solar energy for challenging chemical transformations. It also exemplifies the power of interdisciplinary research, merging ideas from inorganic chemistry, photochemistry, and biology to confront pressing environmental challenges. The prospect of “artificial photosynthesis” producing more than just oxygen but a vital feedstock chemical promises a bright horizon for sustainable industrial chemistry.

As this exciting technology advances toward practical use, further research will explore alternative catalysts to replace precious metals, optimize reaction conditions, and integrate this ammonia-synthesis approach with existing renewable energy infrastructures. The ultimate vision is to establish a fully solar-driven ammonia production cycle that minimizes ecological impact while meeting global demands, offering hope for a cleaner and more sustainable future.

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Subject of Research: Experimental study on catalytic ammonia synthesis

Article Title: Catalytic ammonia formation from dinitrogen, water, and visible light energy

News Publication Date: 22-May-2025

Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59727-w

References: Yasuomi Yamazaki, Yoshiki Endo, Yoshiaki Nishibayashi, “Catalytic ammonia formation from dinitrogen, water, and visible light energy”, Nature Communications, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59727-w

Image Credits: ©2025 Nishibayashi et al. CC-BY-ND

Keywords

Green ammonia, photocatalysis, nitrogen fixation, molybdenum catalyst, iridium catalyst, visible light energy, artificial photosynthesis, sustainable chemistry, ammonia synthesis, tertiary phosphines, atmospheric nitrogen, water activation

This catalyst takes advantage of the presence of anion vacancies within its unique three-dimensional framework, which act as active sites that engage energetically in the catalytic process. What sets this research apart is the approach of developing a transition metal-free catalyst that overcomes the traditional reliance on more common catalysts like iron and ruthenium. In the pursuit of more efficient and sustainable ammonia synthesis, this novel catalyst promises to be a game changer by significantly reducing energy requirements while maintaining effective catalytic activity.

The journey of discovery undertaken by Professor Masaaki Kitano and his team began with the identification of tribarium silicate, Ba₃SiO₅, as the foundation for a new catalyst with unique crystal structures and appealing chemical properties. The research published in the prestigious journal Nature Chemistry describes how the team systematically addressed the limitations presented by the conventional methods and catalysts through innovative synthesis techniques. Their innovative solid-state reaction at lower temperatures (between 400–700 °C) produced Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z while maintaining an environmentally friendly approach, a stark contrast to the typical synthesis conditions that exceed 1100 °C.

What emerged from this low-temperature synthesis was a catalyst with unprecedented stability and performance, suitable for ammonia production without the need for transition metal sites. The researchers’ findings indicated that Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z demonstrated active catalytic behavior that outperformed existing ruthenium-based catalysts, which are often associated with high costs and an accompanying environmental footprint. This exceptional performance showcased the new catalyst’s ability to lower activation energy and increase ammonia synthesis efficiency, marking a milestone in the search for eco-friendly chemical synthesis processes.

The researchers also conducted further experiments to assess the performance of their novel catalyst under varying temperatures and pressures. The results illustrated that the Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z showcased higher activity levels compared to conventional catalysts, further reinforcing its potential as an industrial solution. Structural analysis conducted via advanced instrumentation techniques confirmed the catalyst’s robustness, laying the groundwork for further investigations into its applicability on a larger scale.

To enhance the catalyst’s performance even further, the research team integrated ruthenium nanoparticles. While it was discovered that these nanoparticles notably improved catalytic activities, Kitano was clear in pointing out that the primary active sites remained the anion vacancies within Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z. This innovative dual-phase system promotes a significant step towards transitioning away from conventional catalysts, potentially revolutionizing the landscape of ammonia synthesis.

The implications of this study extend far beyond just ammonia production. With the global demand for ammonia projected to rise, especially in the agriculture and chemical sectors, the potential application of Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z as a more sustainable method of production offers not just a compelling alternative but an essential necessity for the advancement of sustainable industrial practices. Moreover, the ability to scale up the synthesis process while maintaining efficiency reflects a promising pathway toward commercial viability.

Realizing the environmental benefits associated with the transition metal-free approach will play an instrumental role in curbing harmful emissions generated from ammonia synthesis. Additionally, the manufacturing process of Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z is designed to be more sustainable as well, alleviating concerns associated with resource depletion often linked to conventional catalysts.

Ultimately, this research reinforces the critical intersection of innovation and sustainability in the field of industrial chemistry. The approach taken by Kitano and his team showcases a paradigm shift, encouraging further exploration into catalyst design and development that adheres to principles of green chemistry. The success of Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z opens up avenues for future research facilitating the design of other transition metal-free catalysts aimed at improving environmental outcomes across numerous chemical processes.

Moreover, understanding the mechanisms behind nitrogen activation in ammonia synthesis without dependency on transition metals lays the groundwork for further advancements in research methodologies. This could pave the way for exploring not just ammonia generation but tackling other significant challenges in chemical production, thereby expanding the potential impact of this work on the global scale.

With the Institute of Science Tokyo setting a high standard for interdisciplinary research addressing industrial and ecological needs, their innovative efforts have definitely opened doors to new dimensions within the chemical sciences. As discussions continue around the future of ammonia synthesis and the critical role it plays in various sectors, the work of this remarkable team stands as a beacon of sustainable possibilities, showcasing that the merging of technology and environmentally conscious practices can lead us into a more sustainable industrial future.

This study is more than just a scientific achievement; it is a clarion call for innovative thinking in synthesizing critical compounds like ammonia. As global challenges grow, so too does the need for solutions that prioritize both efficiency and sustainability, illustrating that the path forward lies in fresh, radical approaches to traditional processes.

Embracing these developments could redefine the future of ammonia synthesis and significantly mitigate the ecological footprint associated with conventional methods. The story of Ba₃SiO_5−xN_yH_z is just beginning, but its implications could resonate throughout the industry for years to come, heralding an era where sustainability and chemistry can coalesce harmoniously.

Subject of Research: Ammonia synthesis using novel catalysts
Article Title: Anion vacancies activate N2 to ammonia on Ba-Si orthosilicate oxynitride-hydride
News Publication Date: 17-Feb-2025
Web References: Nature Chemistry
References: DOI link
Image Credits: Science Tokyo

Keywords

Ammonia, Sustainable chemistry, Catalysts, Industrial processes, Environmental chemistry, Green chemistry, Nitrogen activation, Transition metals, Chemical synthesis, Eco-friendly methods, Anion vacancies, Production efficiency.