Researchers used the FAMILY Cohort, whose participants were aged 15 years or older. They selected 208 candidate predictors from information collected at baseline in 2009–2011 and assessed their associations with psychological resilience at follow-up in 2011–2014. Resilience was measured with the self-reported 25-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale.

The candidate predictors were considered individually, allowing the researchers to examine a wide range of possible influences rather than focus on a small set of preselected exposures. After the statistical analysis, the 208 predictors were retrospectively organized into nine domains for descriptive and interpretive purposes, drawing on the human flourishing framework and the multisystemic model of resilience. Multilevel linear regression was conducted in a training sample, with the resulting predictors then evaluated in a testing sample.

Thirty-five predictors across seven of the nine domains were associated with subsequent psychological resilience. Associations involving mental and physical health were among the reported results, as were those connected with happiness and life satisfaction, meaning and purpose, character and virtue, close social relationships, financial stability, and health behaviors. The analysis also found differences in associations by age and sex.

These results indicate that the factors statistically linked with later resilience were distributed across several health, psychological, social, financial, and behavioral domains, rather than concentrated in a single category. Because the study was prospective, the baseline predictors preceded the follow-up resilience assessment, but the results remain associations rather than evidence of independent causal effects. The outcome was based on self-report, and the observational design did not experimentally alter any predictor.

The nine-domain classification was applied retrospectively to organize and interpret the variables, not as the primary structure of the statistical analysis. The population and setting also limit the immediate scope of the conclusions: the study examined participants aged 15 years or older in one Hong Kong cohort. The authors describe the 35 validated predictors as promising factors that may inform future causal investigations of modifiable pathways.

Until then, the study offers a comprehensive prospective map of correlates rather than a demonstrated set of causes or protective factors.

Subject of Research: Prospective associations between baseline factors and later psychological resilience in a Hong Kong population cohort

Article Title: Understanding psychological resilience: a longitudinal environment-wide association study in Hong Kong

Article References: Ning, K., Kim, Y., Fan, X., Chen, Y., Chen, S., Subramaniam, M., Wong, T. Y., Sarkar, C., Lai, K. Y., Webster, C., Choi, K. W., & Ni, M. Y. (2026). Understanding psychological resilience: a longitudinal environment-wide association study in Hong Kong. Nature Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-026-00742-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1038/s44220-026-00742-1

Keywords: psychological resilience, environment-wide association study, Hong Kong, FAMILY Cohort, prospective cohort, mental health, social relationships, financial stability, health behaviors, longitudinal research, Understanding, psychological