The research team recruited 61 participants and sorted them into three groups using well-established self-report instruments: the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Nineteen participants formed the social anxiety group, twenty-one formed a group with elevated non-social anxiety symptoms, and twenty-one served as non-anxious controls. This three-way split matters because much previous research has lumped anxious individuals together, potentially masking meaningful differences between people whose worries center on social evaluation and those whose anxiety is diffuse or tied to non-social concerns. By separating the groups at the outset, the researchers could ask whether the same emotional attention machinery behaves differently across these profiles.

To probe that question, the team used a dual-task paradigm that combined an emotional Flanker task with a digit recognition task. The emotional Flanker task is a classic measure of emotional conflict regulation. Participants see a central target—typically a face expressing an emotion—flanked by distracting faces that are either congruent, meaning they express the same emotion, or incongruent, meaning they express a different one. The difference in performance between congruent and incongruent trials is called the emotional congruency effect, and a larger effect signals that the emotional content of the distractors is capturing attention and interfering with goal-directed responding. In this study, the flanking stimuli carried social evaluative weight, making the task especially relevant for people who fear scrutiny by others.

The digit recognition task served a second, equally important purpose: manipulating cognitive load. Under the low-load condition, participants held a small amount of digit information in working memory while performing the Flanker task; under the high-load condition, the memory demand was substantially greater. The logic follows from a long tradition in cognitive psychology showing that working memory resources are finite. When a demanding secondary task consumes those resources, less capacity remains for top-down attentional control, and emotionally salient distractors are free to exert whatever influence their bottom-up salience commands. The manipulation check was successful: reaction times for digit recognition were significantly longer and accuracy significantly lower under high load than under low load, confirming that the high-load condition genuinely taxed participants’ mental resources.

With the paradigm validated, the researchers turned to the emotional Flanker data, analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance across the three groups and the two load conditions. One of the earliest surprises came from raw reaction times. The social anxiety group responded significantly faster than both the elevated non-social anxiety group and the non-anxious group, a pattern the authors interpret as consistent with the heightened vigilance and rapid deployment of attention often described in social anxiety. Speed, however, is not the same as freedom from distraction, and the congruency effects told a more nuanced story about where each group’s attentional resources were actually going.

Under low cognitive load, both anxious groups showed significantly larger emotional congruency effects than the non-anxious controls. In other words, when their minds were relatively free, people in the social anxiety group and the elevated non-social anxiety group were both more distracted by the emotional mismatch between target and flankers than their non-anxious peers. This aligns with a large literature suggesting that anxiety amplifies the pull of threat-related and emotionally incongruent information, forcing the cognitive system to work harder to resolve conflict before an accurate response can be made. At low load, then, anxiety—whether social or non-social in character—appeared to leave a common signature of heightened emotional interference.

The picture changed dramatically when cognitive load was raised. Under high load, the three groups no longer differed significantly in their emotional congruency effects. For the elevated non-social anxiety group, the congruency effect shrank significantly under high load compared with low load, a reduction that reached the p < 0.01 threshold. The most parsimonious explanation is resource-based: the demanding digit task consumed so much working memory capacity that there was little left to elaborate or prioritize the emotional distractors, effectively flattening the anxiety-related amplification of emotional conflict. For these participants, a busy mind was, in a sense, a protected mind—overloaded cognition left no room for emotional distraction to exert its usual toll.

The social anxiety group defied this pattern. Their emotional congruency effects did not differ significantly between the high-load and low-load conditions, meaning that even when working memory was heavily taxed, emotional conflict continued to shape their performance much as it did when their minds were relatively free. This load-resistance suggests that the emotional attentional bias in social anxiety is not simply a byproduct of spare cognitive capacity that can be eliminated by occupying it. Instead, the authors argue, the bias may be more automatic, more deeply prioritized, or organized around the social evaluative content of the stimuli in a way that general cognitive load cannot easily suppress. For individuals who worry about being judged, emotionally incongruent social signals may command attention through channels that operate independently of deliberate, resource-dependent control.

The theoretical implications reach two influential frameworks. Attentional Control Theory proposes that anxiety impairs the efficiency of the goal-directed attentional system, particularly under pressure, while the Interaction of Emotion and Cognition Theory describes how emotional stimuli and cognitive processes compete for shared resources. The new findings refine the boundaries of both accounts by showing that these predictions hold cleanly for elevated non-social anxiety but not for social anxiety, at least when the distracting information is socially evaluative. A theory of anxious attention, the study implies, may need to specify not just how much load a person is under, but what kind of anxiety they carry and what kind of emotional content is competing for their mind.

The practical stakes are equally concrete. If the emotional interference in non-social anxiety can be reduced simply by loading cognition, then attentional training or task-design strategies that strategically occupy working memory might offer a route to quieter emotional distraction for those individuals. But the stability of the social anxiety effect across load conditions suggests that such load-based strategies may be less effective for socially anxious people, and that interventions should instead target the specific, load-resistant attentional priority given to social evaluative cues—perhaps through approaches that retrain the appraisal of social signals themselves. The authors note that their results provide empirical support for designing targeted attentional regulation interventions matched to distinct anxiety symptom profiles. The study was supported by a grant from the Science & Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education (2025SK140), received ethics approval from Tianjin Normal University, and was published open access on 28 September 2026. With 61 participants and a single experimental session, the findings await replication in larger and more diverse samples, but they sharpen a question that matters to anyone who has ever felt their attention hijacked by a worried mind: the answer, it turns out, depends on what kind of worry is doing the hijacking.

Subject of Research: The effect of cognitive load on emotional conflict attention in social anxiety versus non-social anxiety

Article Title: Cognitive Load and Emotional Flanker Performance in Individuals with Social Anxiety and Elevated Non-Social Anxiety Symptoms

Article References: Liu, C., & Hao, Z. (2026). Cognitive Load and Emotional Flanker Performance in Individuals with Social Anxiety and Elevated Non-Social Anxiety Symptoms. BMC Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05642-8

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s40359-026-05642-8

Keywords: cognitive load, social anxiety, emotional flanker task, dual-task paradigm, attentional control, emotional congruency effect, working memory, anxiety symptoms, emotion regulation, cognitive psychology, BMC Psychology, attentional bias