The research team, led by Miriam T. Y. Leung of Monash University in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Eastern Finland, drew on the FINPARK cohort, a nationwide register-based dataset covering the entire Finnish population. The study included 11,051 people diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease between 2000 and 2009, each matched by age and sex to two comparison individuals without the disease, yielding 22,102 matched controls. By linking records from the Care Register for Healthcare, the Prescription Register, and Statistics Finland through each resident’s unique personal identification number, the researchers could track every dispensing of anti-osteoporosis medication, every hospital admission, and every death across an extraordinary fifteen-year window: five years before the Parkinson’s diagnosis and ten years after it.

The medications under scrutiny were the standard pharmacological arsenal against osteoporosis: bisphosphonates, the workhorse antiresorptive drugs that slow bone breakdown; denosumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the cells responsible for bone resorption; and calcitonin, an older hormone-based therapy that has largely fallen out of favor and was withdrawn from the Finnish market in 2012 due to limited efficacy. Annual prevalence was calculated as the proportion of cohort members who received at least one dispensing of any of these drugs in a given year, restricted to people who spent at least sixty days living in the community to allow realistic opportunity for pharmacy dispensing.

The first major finding was unexpected. Contrary to earlier reports suggesting that osteoporosis is chronically under-recognized in people with Parkinson’s, the Finnish data showed that medication use was actually higher among people with the disease than among matched controls. The divergence emerged surprisingly early, three full years before the formal diagnosis of Parkinson’s, when 3.62 percent of people who would later be diagnosed were receiving anti-osteoporosis therapy compared with 2.91 percent of controls. That gap widened dramatically after diagnosis, peaking four years in, when 8.67 percent of the Parkinson’s group were being treated versus just 4.73 percent of the comparison group, and it remained elevated through the end of follow-up.

Why would bone-protecting drugs appear in the records of people three years before anyone has diagnosed their Parkinson’s? The authors point to the prodromal phase of the disease, the period when early motor and non-motor symptoms, including subtle balance problems and increased fall risk, begin to manifest before the classic diagnostic criteria are met. Their own previous work in the same cohort showed that hip fracture risk is already elevated in the years preceding diagnosis. Fractures themselves may also act as a trigger: a person who breaks a bone is more likely to be screened for osteoporosis and started on treatment, and the heightened dispensing observed after hip fractures in this study supports exactly that pathway. Reduced mobility and greater use of psychotropic medications, both documented in this cohort years before diagnosis, further compound the fracture risk.

The second key finding concerns what happens after a hip fracture, the moment when secondary prevention matters most. Among the 1,475 people with Parkinson’s and 1,371 controls who suffered an incident hip fracture during follow-up, treatment patterns were strikingly similar between the two groups. Anti-osteoporosis dispensing peaked within the first year after the fracture, reaching 20.3 percent in the Parkinson’s group and 21.0 percent in the controls, roughly one in five patients. By five years after the fracture, prevalence had settled to around 14 to 16 percent in both groups. In other words, having Parkinson’s neither helped nor hindered access to post-fracture pharmacological prevention, a result that directly contradicts the under-treatment narrative from smaller earlier studies.

Yet the absolute numbers tell a more sobering story. A one-in-five treatment rate after a fragility fracture leaves four in five patients without the therapy that could prevent the next break, and the Finnish figures, while comparable to other Nordic countries, fall far short of the more than 50 percent post-fracture treatment prevalence reported in the United Kingdom. The authors attribute part of this gap to national guideline differences. The Finnish Current Care Guideline on hip fracture recommends anti-osteoporosis medications only for patients expected to regain independent mobility, explicitly excluding those anticipated to remain bedbound, and it places heavy emphasis on fall-risk management, noting that ninety percent of hip fractures result from a fall. Multidisciplinary fracture liaison services, which systematically assess every fracture patient, have been shown elsewhere to raise both treatment rates and fall-prevention efforts, and the study suggests they could play a valuable role in Finland.

Sex differences added another layer of complexity. Women, whether with or without Parkinson’s, received anti-osteoporosis medications at consistently higher rates than men throughout follow-up, reflecting the earlier onset of postmenopausal bone loss. Among women with Parkinson’s, treatment prevalence peaked at 15.5 percent four years after diagnosis, then declined, a pattern consistent with postmenopausal osteoporosis being treated early and later paused. Men with Parkinson’s showed the opposite trajectory, with use climbing slowly to a peak of just 3.16 percent eight years after diagnosis. After hip fracture, women again led with 25.6 percent treated within a year versus 12.2 percent of men, but men’s post-fracture treatment remained elevated for up to five years while women’s declined. The gradual decline in bisphosphonate use beyond four years after diagnosis may reflect not only poor adherence, a well-documented problem with oral bisphosphonates, but also deliberate clinical decisions: guidelines recommend a drug holiday of one to two years after three to five years of bisphosphonate therapy in lower-risk patients to minimize long-term adverse effects.

The study’s strengths lie in its scale and completeness. Nationwide registers minimize selection bias, the fifteen-year follow-up captures the full arc from prodrome to late disease, and the prediagnostic window, never examined before in this context, proved scientifically critical given that fracture risk is already elevated before diagnosis. The limitations are equally instructive: over-the-counter vitamin D and calcium, dispensed without prescription, were invisible to the database; no bone mineral density measurements or blood tests were available to judge whether treatment matched individual bone health; and medications administered intravenously in hospitals, such as zoledronic acid, could not be captured. These gaps mean the true extent of bone-protective care may be somewhat higher than the dispensing records suggest.

The takeaway for clinicians and researchers is that the problem in Parkinson’s may not be unequal access to osteoporosis drugs, but rather that drugs alone are not enough to counteract a risk that is doubled at its source. With sustained fracture risk extending a full decade after diagnosis, the authors argue that additional preventive measures, above all regular and systematic review of fall risk, must run alongside pharmacotherapy. As Parkinson’s prevalence continues its steep global climb, protecting the skeletons of the people it affects may demand a shift from reactive treatment after the break to proactive, multidisciplinary prevention before the fall ever happens.

Subject of Research: Anti-osteoporosis medication use in persons with and without Parkinson's disease in Finland

Article Title: Anti-osteoporosis medications in persons with and without Parkinson disease in Finland

Article References: Leung, M. T. Y., Lamidi, M.-L., Tiihonen, M., Hartikainen, S., Bell, J. S., Turner, J. P., & Tolppanen, A.-M. (2026). Anti-osteoporosis medications in persons with and without Parkinson disease in Finland. Archives of Osteoporosis, 21(1), Article 143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-026-01780-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s11657-026-01780-z

Keywords: Parkinson's disease, osteoporosis, hip fracture, bisphosphonates, denosumab, anti-osteoporosis medications, Finland, nationwide cohort, fracture prevention, fall risk, secondary prevention, bone health